Iran yog ib lub xeev Asian loj tshaj plaws. Nws ciam teb chaws xws li Iraq, Qaib ntxhw, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan thiab Armenia. Lub peev yog lub nroog Tehran. Iran yog ib lub tebchaws uas nws thaj chaw thawj lub chaw ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej tau nyob ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm lub tebchaws no yog dab tsi?
Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb thiab thaj chaw yam ntxwv ntawm Iran
Lub ntsiab ntawm lub tebchaws yog nyob rau ntawm Iranian toj siab. Ntawm no lub toj siab yog interspersed nrog siab plain. Lub roob Elbrus nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub tebchaws. Nws yog cais los ntawm lub Caspian los ntawm ib tug me me sawb ntawm lowland. Kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub teb chaws yog continental subtropical. Iranian dej feem ntau yog ntiav. Cov pas dej loj tshaj plaws yog Urmia thiab Khamun.
Tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm Iran tau muab faib ua 27 cheeb tsam, lossis "nres". Lub nroog loj tshaj plaws yog Isfahan, Tabriz, Urmia, Abadan, Mashhad. Iran kuj suav nrog qee lub tebchaws nyob hauv Persian thiab Ottoman Gulfs. Tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm Iran yog 1.65 lab km2. Lub xeev yog nyob rau hauv 17th qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ib ncig. Iranian txiaj yog rial.
kev lag luam
Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm thaj tsam ntawm Iran yog nplua nuj nyob hauv cov zaub mov. Cov no yog manganese, tooj liab, chromium, zinc ores. Cov khoom lag luam txawv teb chaws yog cov ntaub pua plag thiab txiv ntoo, nrog rau cov khoom nuv ntses. Feem ntau ntawm cov pejxeem nyob hauv Iran Square yog ua haujlwm hauv kev ua liaj ua teb. Ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb yog av fertility thiab tsis muaj dej tshiab rau irrigation. Kwv yees li ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem yog cov neeg poob haujlwm. Feem ntau yog cov hluas.
Pabneeg
Ntau tshaj 60 haiv neeg nyob hauv Iran. Rau feem ntau, cov no yog Persians - lawv nyob rau sab qab teb thiab nruab nrab ntawm lub tebchaws. Gilyans, Mazenderans, Talyshs nyob rau sab qaum teb. Nyob rau sab hnub poob - Kurds, Lurs, Bakhtiars, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj - Pashtuns, Balochs, Tajik. Tag nrho cov neeg no yog haiv neeg nyob ze rau cov Persians. Nws paub tias Iran yog ib lub tebchaws "hluas tshaj" hauv ntiaj teb. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv, uas nws lub hnub nyoog tsis tshaj 15 xyoo, yog kwv yees li 25%. Cov pawg neeg loj tshaj plaws tom ntej yog Azerbaijanis. Raws li ntau yam kev kwv yees, lawv tus lej muaj li ntawm 20% mus rau 40% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem. Vim li cas muaj coob tus Azerbaijani nyob ntawm ob sab ntawm Iranian ciam teb? Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias keeb kwm thaj chaw ntawm Azerbaijan niaj hnub no yog ib feem ntawm Iranian xeev system. Lawv yog ib feem ntawm Iranian haiv neeg. Thiab nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Iran, Kurds nyob (los ntawm 5% mus rau 10% ntawm tag nrho). Tag nrho cov pejxeem yog 78.4 lab.
Lim lus hauv Iran
Cov lus twg muaj ntau tshaj plaws hauv lub neej niaj hnubIranians? Muaj ntau qhov kev xav tsis zoo txog qhov no. Feem ntau Iranians yog haiv neeg Persians. Yog li ntawd, lawv hais lus Persian, lossis Farsi. Persian yog feem ntau ntawm Iranian pawg ntawm Indo-European hom lus ntoo. Nws muaj txog 50 lab tus neeg hais lus hauv Iran (ntau dua 80% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem).
Farsi tsis yog tsuas yog hom lus hauv Iran - nws tau hais los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Afghanistan, Tajikistan thiab Pamirs. Kuj tseem muaj ob peb lub zej zog uas siv Farsi hauv Iraq, United Arab Emirates, thiab Yemen. Rau kev sau ntawv, Farsi hais lus siv cov tsiaj ntawv Arabic me ntsis hloov - ob peb tsab ntawv tau ntxiv rau nws uas tsis yog hauv Arabic nws tus kheej. Cov lus Persian muaj ntau tus lej qiv los ntawm Arabic. Cov lus no tau cuam tshuam rau Farsi vim yog kev kov yeej hauv lub xyoo pua 7th.
Los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Farsi
Farsi muaj keeb kwm qub qub. Thawj qhov chaw ntawm cov lus Persian qub hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 1st BC. e. Ces cuneiform sau tau dav siv. Qhov qub tshaj plaws ntawm Farsi tau hloov pauv rau 2 txhiab xyoo. Kwv yees li ntawm 1 txhiab xyoo AD. e. lub caij nyoog ntawm Middle Persian lus, uas yog lus nom tswv ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman Sassanid, pib. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 7th A. D. e. Kev hloov pauv nom tswv tau tshwm sim - thaj chaw Persian tau kov yeej los ntawm Arabs. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov Zoroastrian diasporas me thiab pawg Parsi haiv neeg hauv Is Nrias teb siv Middle Persian.
kauj ruam tom ntej yogPersian tshiab, uas suav nrog cov ntsiab lus los ntawm Arabic. Pib los ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th, Farsi tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm ib hom lus thib ob thoob plaws ntiaj teb Muslim. Tam sim no, Farsi txawv heev ntawm classical New Persian. Cov kev sib txawv no pom nyob rau hauv kev hais lus, sau ntawv, thiab cov lus. Lub hauv paus rau kev hais lus ntawm qhov ncauj, sib xws rau cov qauv kev xav thiab cov qauv sau ntawv, yog Tehran dialect.
Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Iran
Tus thawj coj tam sim no ntawm Iran yog Hassan Rouhani, uas yeej qhov kev xaiv tsa thaum lub Tsib Hlis 20, 2017. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, txog 41 lab tus neeg Iranians tau koom nrog kev xaiv tsa. 57% ntawm tag nrho cov neeg pov npav pov npav rau tus thawj tswj hwm tam sim no, thiab 38% tau pov npav rau nws tus neeg sib tw, Ibrahim Raisi. Lub xeev cov qauv ntawm Iran yog xws li hais tias tus thawj tswj hwm nyob rau hauv lub thib ob qhov chaw ntawm lub hwj chim - nyob rau hauv lub nom tswv hierarchy, lub taub hau ntawm lub xeev yog subordinate rau cov thawj coj kev cai dab qhuas ("ayatollah"). Lub taub hau kev cai dab qhuas raug xaiv los ntawm pawg sab laj tshwj xeeb. Tam sim no nws yog Ali Khamenei.
Kev sib txuas lus txawv txawv
Cov neeg ncig tebchaws uas tuaj xyuas Iran thawj zaug feem ntau tsis meej pem. Thaum lawv xav them cov kev pabcuam tsheb tavxij, tus tsav tsheb tsis kam them nyiaj. Lawv tuaj tom khw - tib yam tshwm sim. Yog vim li cas? Nws hloov tawm tias kev coj noj coj ua tau raug coj los siv hauv Iran raws li lub npe sib txawv "taarof". Tau kawg, ib yam li lwm lub tebchaws, tib neeg tsis tau txais cov khoom dawb hauv khw lossis kev pabcuam. Kev coj ua ntawm taarof ua ib lub lag luam hauv zos yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees Persian tiag. Yog hais tias ib tug neeg raug caw tuaj xyuas lossis noj hmo, ceslub luag haujlwm ntawm tus caw yog ua si nrog tus caw thiab thawj zaug tsis kam. Kev xyaum taarof hauv Iran haum yuav luag txhua qhov xwm txheej.
Ntaus Persian ntaub pua plag
Ntawm cov Pawxias muaj ib lo lus hais tias: "Cov ntaub pua plag Persian yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm nws qhov tsis zoo, yog qhov tseeb ntawm nws qhov tsis raug." Nws tuaj qhov twg? Qhov tseeb, kev ua yuam kev thiab tsis raug hauv Persian ntaub pua plag yog txhob txwm tsim. Yog li ntawd, cov Pawxia mob siab qhia tias tsuas yog Vajtswv thiaj tsim tau tej yam zoo kawg nkaus. Kev cai dab qhuas ib sab, Persian ntaub pua plag yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm Iranian kab lis kev cai. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog tshaj 2,000 xyoo. Lub peev xwm los xaws ntaub pua plag yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv tej cheeb tsam - piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Kashan, lawv tau dhau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam.
Lub Qur'an piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim ntiaj teb: lub ntiaj teb raug tsim los ntawm Allah nyob rau hauv rau hnub. Thawj zaug hauv qhov tsis muaj qhov kawg ntawm Cosmos yog xya lub cev saum ntuj ceeb tsheej. Thiab tom qab ntawd ib daim ntaub pua plag zoo nkauj ntawm lub ntiaj teb nthuav dav hauv qab lawv. Yog li ntawd, cov ntaub pua plag nyob rau sab hnub tuaj kev lig kev cai yog txuam nrog ib tug mini-qauv ntawm Vajtswv lub nceeg vaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Qib ntawm kev vam meej nyob rau sab hnub tuaj yog ntsuas los ntawm pes tsawg cov ntaub pua plag ib tug neeg nyob hauv ib lub tsev, thiab lawv kim npaum li cas. Yog vim li cas ib tsev neeg tsis muaj peev xwm them taus los npog lawv lub tsev nrog ntaub pua plag, lawv ua rau muaj kev khuv leej. Cov neeg keeb kwm ntseeg tias cov ntaub pua plag yog thawj zaug tsim los ntawm cov pab pawg neeg Esxias thaum ub.
Tus kub tiag ntawm Iran
Nws paub tias Iran yog tus tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm caviar, yog ib qho khoom kim tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub ntiaj teb. Nws yog los ntawm qhov no uas nws cov tsiaj tsis tshua muaj yog muab, thiab tib lub sij hawm kim tshaj plaws. Caviarbeluga hu ua "Almas" raug nqi ntau dua 2 lab rubles rau ib kilogram xwb. Lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov ntses rau cov caviar no yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 60 txog 100 xyoo.
Thiab tsis yog tag nrho. Iranian kev lig kev cai ntawm saffron ntau lawm hnub rov qab txog 3 txhiab xyoo. Kwv yees li 90% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom xa tawm ntawm cov txuj lom no tau tsim tawm ntawm no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, saffron yog kim dua li ntau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Nws tus nqi yog kwv yees li 4 txhiab rubles ib gram.
Kev ntseeg ntawm Ancient Iran
Mesopotamia yog ib zaug nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw niaj hnub Iraq thiab Iran. Lub nroog uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm yog hu ua lub nroog ntawm Mesopotamia los ntawm niaj hnub historians. Lawv tau mus txog qhov kawg ntawm lawv lub hwj chim thaum lub sij hawm Sassanid. Lub nroog Iranian ancient kab lis kev cai tau tsim los ntawm Zoroastrianism thiab Manichaeism.
YZoroastrianism yog ib qho kev ntseeg ancient monotheistic heev. Nws muaj npe tom qab tus tsim lub npe Zarathustra. Cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Greece thaum ub suav tias Zarathustra yog tus kws tshaj lij thiab tus kws qhia hnub qub. Lawv kuj tau hloov npe rau tus yaj saub Zoroaster (los ntawm Greek "aster" - "hnub qub"). Raws li ib tug version, tus yaj saub nyob rau hauv lub II txhiab xyoo BC. e. Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb Mary Boyce, Zarathustra nyob hauv thaj chaw sab hnub tuaj ntawm Volga.
Manichaeism tshwm sim nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 3rd. n. e. Nws tus yaj saub yog Mani, lossis Manes, uas tau tshaj tawm cov lus qhuab qhia hauv 240 CE. e. nyob rau hauv lub peev ntawm Sassanid faj tim teb chaws - Ctesiphon. Tus Yaj Saub Mani tau paub tseeb tias txhua txoj kev ntseeg hauv ntiaj teb yog ib qho. Lub hauv paus ntawm Manichaeism yog qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm qhov zoo thiab qhov phem.
Myths about Iran
Qhov tseeb, Iran muaj siab heevqib kev nyab xeeb rau pej xeem. Cov kev ua phem kawg tau tshwm sim ntawm no ntau dua 30 xyoo dhau los. Qhov kev xav tsis zoo no tau nthuav tawm vim cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uas nyiam ua rau Iran thiab Iraq tsis meej pem. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias Iran yog nyob ib sab ntawm Afghanistan thiab Iraq, nws muaj kev nyab xeeb kiag li nyob rau hauv nws thaj chaw. Iranians yog cov phooj ywg zoo thiab tos txais qhua. Txhua xyoo ntau thiab ntau cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws tuaj txawv tebchaws tuaj ntawm no los so.
Iran tseem muaj kev kawm siab thiab kab lis kev cai, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov poj niam. Ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv yog cov ntxhais. Cov poj niam kuj ua haujlwm hauv chaw ua haujlwm, tuaj yeem ua lag luam, koom nrog kev xaiv tsa. Hauv Iran, nws yog kev cai rau cov poj niam hnav cov phuam qhwv taub hau, tab sis lawv tsis hnav daim ntaub thaiv npog ntsej muag. Ntawm qhov zoo nkauj ib nrab ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm Iran, muaj ntau tus fashionistas uas nyiam cov khaub ncaws ci.
Iran yog qhov thib peb hauv ntiaj teb raws li tus naj npawb ntawm UNESCO kab lis kev cai monuments, tom qab tsuas yog Ltalis thiab Egypt. Cov keeb kwm ntawm Ancient Persia, cov qub txeeg qub teg uas yog niaj hnub Iran, muaj ntau tshaj 5 txhiab xyoo. Muaj ib lo lus hais ntawm Iranians: "Leej twg mus xyuas Isfahan tau pom ib nrab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no."
