Stationery yog … Txhawm rau txuas ntxiv cov kab lus thiab teb cov lus nug, koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias peb tab tom tham txog cov lus sib xyaw tsim los ntawm kev ntxiv thawj daim ntawv ntawm qhov sib txawv kiag li - "chaw sau ntawv". Cov ntsiab lus ntawm "cov khoom tsim khoom", "khoom noj khoom haus", "khoom ua si" thiab lwm yam yog tsim zoo ib yam. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav txiav txim siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "sau ntawv" thiab muab nws txhais.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "chaw haujlwm"
Kev ua kis las, khoom noj, khoom lag luam - txhua yam yog qhov tseeb ntawm no. Vim li cas cov ntawv sau? Yuav teb li cas: ntawv sau yog … dab tsi? Ua ntej koj yuav tsum to taub lub tswvyim ntawm "chaw ua haujlwm".
Lub sij hawm muaj nws cov hauv paus hniav nyob rau yav dhau los. Nws yog thawj zaug siv ntawm 13th thiab 15th centuries. Cancellaria hauv Latin txhais tau tias yog lub platform uas cov lus txib ntawm cov tub ceev xwm tau tshaj tawm rau pej xeem. ATNyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe medieval, ib tug thawj coj pib hu ua ib tug thawj coj uas coj lub archive thiab chaw ua hauj lwm uas lub xeev foob tau khaws cia.
Nyob rau hauv tsarist Russia, lub siab tshaj plaws pej xeem qeb tau suav hais tias yog tus thawj tswj hwm. Nws tau hais txog kev ua tub rog ntawm Field Marshal ("Table of Ranks", 1722). Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees los ntawm 1871 txog 1945. lub taub hau ntawm tsoom fwv muaj lub npe ntawm Reich Chancellor, uas los ntawm 1934 kuj muaj hwj chim ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub xeev.
Yog, thiab hnub no tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws hauv Austria thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees yog Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Chancellor. Thiab nyob rau lwm lub tebchaws? Nyob rau hauv UK, tus Secretary of Treasury hu ua Chancellor ntawm Exchequer, thiab Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm lub tsev ntawm Lords hu ua tus Tswv Chancellor.
Ntau xyoo dhau los, lub chaw ua haujlwm tau pib hu ua ob tus neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm, uas yog nyob rau hauv cov thawj coj ntawm lub xeev cov koom haum, thiab thaj chaw uas lawv nyob. Niaj hnub no, peb feem ntau hais txog cov neeg xws li cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv chaw ua haujlwm. Cov thawj coj hauv chaw ua haujlwm, cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov tuav ntaub ntawv tau los hloov cov thawj coj.
Cov ntawv sau dab tsi suav nrog
Lub tswv yim tau ntxiv dag zog rau hauv lub neej niaj hnub txij li xyoo 19th thiab txhais tau tias cov khoom siv siv los sau ntawv. Lawv tau los ua ib feem ntawm kev coj ua ntawm lub sijhawm. Cov ntawv caw zoo nkauj raug xa tawm mus rau cov qhua rau noj hmo, noj hmo, pob, thiab daim npav rau cov qhua tau muab tso rau ntawm rooj.
Cov pej xeem muaj dab tsi ntawm lawv pov tseg? Cov neeg siv ntawv, number case, slates, nplooj ntawv cutters, thiab lwm yam los sau, Goose quills tau hloov los ntawmslate mem hluav thiab hlau ciav cwjmem.
Hnub no, cov ntawv sau yog ntau yam khoom siv rau kev sau ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv ua lag luam. Feem ntau lawv muab faib ua ob pawg loj: khoom siv hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab khoom siv hauv chaw ua haujlwm.
Muaj txoj haujlwm sib tshooj. Cov no yog cwj mem, ntawv, erasers, xaum, notepads. Tab sis kuj muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, cov khoom siv hauv tsev kawm ntawv suav nrog cov ntawv teev npe, phau ntawv sau, phau ntawv kos duab, pleev xim, txhuam hniav. Cov khoom siv hauv chaw ua haujlwm yog cov ntawv tais ceev tseg, cov khoom siv ntau yam, cov ntaub ntawv, cov khoom lag luam stamp.
Nrog kev siv cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no, txhua yam ntawm phau ntawv tshuab, laminators, ntawv shredders, computer consumables: toners, cartridges, thiab lwm yam. poob rau hauv qeb ntawm ntawv sau
Txoj kev sau ntawv
Nrog kev pab ntawm cov ntawv sau, tus neeg sau ntawv, kos duab, kos duab, luam tawm ntawm lub computer. Xav txog cov khoom siv ntau yam.
Cov khoom siv tshaj plaws yog ntawv. Nws keeb kwm pib nyob ib ncig ntawm 1500 BC. e. Nws yog lub sijhawm no hauv tebchaws Iziv uas papyrus pib siv rau cov lus. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua II BC. e. Hauv Asia Minor tau tsim cov khoom siv tshiab - parchment. Qhov pib ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov ntawv niaj hnub no suav tias yog 105 AD. e., thiab nws lub tebchaws yog Tuam Tshoj. Niaj hnub no, muaj kev xaiv loj ntawm cov khoom zoo li no, nyob ntawm seb cov yam ntxwv zoo thiab lub hom phiaj: cov ntawv luam tawm, offset, coated, luam tus kheej, thiab lwm yam.
Ballpoint cwjmem, yam tsis muaj qhov tsis tuaj yeem xav txog niaj hnub noib tus thawj coj hauv chaw ua haujlwm lossis tus neeg ua haujlwm, tsim los ntawm Laszlo Biro hauv xyoo 1944. Cov khoom lag luam niaj hnub no yog cov cim tsim los ntawm Edding hauv xyoo 1960. Nrog nws, koj tuaj yeem sau tsis tsuas yog rau ntawm daim ntawv, tab sis kuj rau zaj duab xis.
Cov Ntawv Sau - cov no yog cov khoom me me uas tsim nyog xws li cov ntawv clips thiab cov nyees khawm. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIII. cov nplooj ntawv ntawm daim ntawv tau txuas nrog ib daim kab xev, ces xaws pins thiab springs tau siv. Cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub no tau patented hauv xyoo 1900 los ntawm Cornelius Brosnan, tus neeg tsim khoom Asmeskas.
Nyob rau xyoo 1902-1903, lub laub pins tau tshwm sim hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes, uas koj tuaj yeem muab cov ntawv xa mus rau cov ntoo saum npoo, ua qauv qhia. Tus sau ntawm kev tsim khoom yog tus saib xyuas Johann Kirsten.
yuav qhov twg
Cov ntawv sau yog muag hauv cov khw muag khoom tshwj xeeb, nrog rau hauv cov koom haum cuam tshuam ntawm cov khw muag khoom loj. Narrowly tsom rua kev lag luam tseem raug tsim, qhov twg tib neeg tuaj yeem xaiv cov khoom zoo rau kev kos duab lossis kos duab tsim. Muaj cov pab pawg ntawm cov tuam txhab hauv ntiaj teb uas tau dhau los ua cov khoom lag luam hauv khw muag khoom: Erich Krause, MPM, ACCO thiab lwm yam.
