Qhov tshwm sim ntawm xeev feem ntau tshwm sim raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus "yog tias lub hnub qub ci, ces ib tus neeg xav tau." Txhua lub sij hawm cov txheej txheem no yog nrog los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig. Zam, lub hauv paus, kev coj noj coj ua hloov, thiab qee zaum cov qauv ntawm cov lus hloov pauv. Tus trendsetter yeej ib txwm yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev nom kev tswv lub neej ntawm lub ntiaj teb, uas muaj peev xwm hloov nws txoj hauj lwm thaj chaw. Tim Nkij teb chaws, Ltalis, Fabkis, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, England rau ntau centuries dhau los ib leeg "xiav". Qhov tshwm sim yog qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau cov ntsiab lus kev tshaj lij thiab feem ntau siv cov lus hauv cov kab ke ntawm cov neeg ntawm Tebchaws Europe thiab Asia, uas tau los ua piv txwv ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thoob ntiaj teb. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem tau mus rau ntau xyoo lawm.
Lub ntsiab lus
Ntawm cov lus txawv teb chaws lossis qiv cov lus hauv ib txwm muaj tsis cuam tshuam rau leej twg. Meanwhile, ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv yog nyob los ntawm thoob ntiaj tebisms. Cov piv txwv tso cai rau peb txiav txim siab tias cov lus no muaj ntau hom lus hauv ntau hom lus, thiab tag nrho (lossis ib nrab) sib koom ua ke hauv lub ntsiab lus thiab feem ntau qhia txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thoob ntiaj teb.
| Lab lus | Russian translation | lus |
| Russian, Bulgarian | Situation | situation |
| Czech | Situation | Situace |
| English, Fabkis, German | Situation | Situation |
| Polish | Situation | Situacja |
| Italian | Situation | Situazione |
| Spanish | Situation | Situacion |
| Arabic | Independence | Iistikial |
| Turkish | Independence | Istikiâl |
| Afghan | Independence | Istikiál |
| Persian | Independence | Estegal |
Piv txwv ntawm cov lus thoob ntiaj teb qee zaum khaws cov suab lus los ntawm cov lus mus rau hom lus, nrog rau cov lus hais.
| Lab lus | Semantics thiab lub ntsiab lus sib txawv | lus |
| Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian | Atom | |
| Czech,Polish, Lus Askiv, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Albanian | Atom | |
| German | Atom | |
| Fabkis | Atom | |
| Spanish, Italian | Atomo | |
| Finnish | Atomi | |
| Latvian | Atoms |
Muaj pseudo-internationalisms - cov lus uas xyaum tsis txawv ntawm kev hais lus thiab kev sau ntawv, tab sis muaj lub ntsiab lus sib txawv. Lawv tuaj yeem hu ua interlingual paronyms. Lawv muaj ntau yam hauv txhua hom lus. Qhov no tau pom meej meej hauv kev sib piv ntawm cov lus Lavxias thiab lus Askiv.
| English form of lo lus | Russian translation | Wrong translation rau Russian |
| Yog | Yog | Tidy |
|
Qhov tiag |
Qhov tseeb, tam sim no | Qhov tiag |
| Ntxhais | Ntxhais | |
| Alley | Txoj Kev | Alley |
| Ambition | Ambition | Ambition |
| Ntxhais lus | Ib qho lus nthuav lossis qhia los ntawm lub neej ntawm cov neeg nto moo | Joke |
| Angina | Angina | Angina |
Muaj ntau ntau yam rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm pseudo-internationalisms:
- random consonance;
- ob lo lus yog tsim los ntawm tib lub hauv paus, qee yam lus qub, tab sis muaj lub ntsiab lus sib txawv;
- tom qab qiv, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus hloov pauv vim hloov mus rau hom lus.
keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm thoob ntiaj tebisms
Lub neej thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg tsis dhau los ntawm kev mloog ntawm cov pej xeem. Yog li, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Greek lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub tswv yim thiab kab lis kev cai tau tso ib tug nplua nuj keeb kwm ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm internationalisms nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus. Kev tshwm sim ntawm kev lag luam muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov neeg thoob plaws ntiaj teb, qhia cov lus tshiab rau hauv cov lus uas tau hais tib yam thiab muaj tib lub semantic thiab semantic load.
Kev mob siab rau ntawm Lavxias teb sab aristocracy rau lus Fab Kis kuj tau pab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus. Ntau cov lus Fab Kis hauv lub neej niaj hnub no tseem tsis tau pom tias yog qiv thiab yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov lus thoob ntiaj teb hauv Lavxias.
Kev tswj hwm ntawm Askiv hauv kev nom kev tswv, kev lag luam thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Tebchaws Europe nyob rau xyoo 19th - 20th caug xyoo qhib lub qhov rooj rau kev ntws ntawm cov lus Askiv mus rau cov lus hauv tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb.
geography ntawm loanwords
Tus xa khoom ntawm kev ntseeg thoob ntiaj teb tsis yog xwblub dominance ntawm ib tug neeg, tab sis kuj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov khoom thiab kev lis kev cai, los yog lub uniqueness ntawm phenomena uas manifest lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm thaj chaw. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev paub txog lub uniqueness thiab universality ntawm tej yam thiab cov xwm txheej rau feem ntau ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm noob neej. Xws li cov piv txwv ntawm kev ntseeg thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm keeb kwm yog ob peb lo lus siv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no yuav luag txhua qhov chaw.
| lus | Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus thiab thaj chaw faib khoom | Lab lus |
| Mazurka | Npe ntawm kev seev cev / feem ntau nyob hauv Europe | Polish |
| Sauna | Kev kho mob ntawm cov neeg sab qaum teb / feem ntau hauv Eurasia, America | Finnish |
| Algebra, lej, algorithm | Cov ntsiab lus lej / ubiquitous | Arabic |
| Coffee | Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws. | Arabic |
| Ginseng tshuaj yej | Dej nrog cov khoom kho tau zoo / ubiquitous | Suav |
| YJujutsu (jiu-jitsu) | Martial art (the "invisible art of unarmed killing") / ubiquitous | Japaneseyuam kev) |
| Veranda | Tsev txuas ntxiv / dav | Indian |
Cov npe saum toj no tsis yog tag nrho, tab sis tsuas yog qhia.
Greco-Latin qhov chaw ntawm thoob ntiaj tebisms
Lo lus qiv txawv tsis yog nyob rau hauv qib ntawm assimilation, khaws cia ntawm semantics thiab semantic load, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv keeb kwm. Ntau tus piv txwv ntawm thoob ntiaj teb kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no muaj Greek thiab Latin keeb kwm. Nrog rau kev soj ntsuam kom ntxaws, koj tuaj yeem pom tias kev qiv nyiaj cuam tshuam nrog cov lus tshaj lij, kev tshawb fawb tseeb, thiab kev xav. Piv txwv ntawm internationalisms yog ob lo lus thiab tag nrho phraseological kab zauv. Cov lus Latin, txawm hais tias nws hu ua "tuag", yog siv tau zoo hauv tshuaj, physics, biology thiab lwm yam kev tshawb fawb. Paub cov ntawv qiv yog:
- Greek thiab Latin cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov lus;
- prefixes thiab affixes;
- tag nrho lo lus.
| lus Greek hauv Lavxias teb sab | Latin lo lus nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab version | Greek prefixes nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab version | Latin prefixes nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab version | Greek affixes nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab version | Latin affixes nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab version | Greco-Latin lo lus hauv Lavxias version |
| Atom | Nyiaj | Bio- | Socio | - nraaj | -al | Sociology |
| Automatic | Principle | Geo- | Aqua- | -logia | -ar | TV |
| Democracy | Tus kheej | YHydro- | ferro- | -metria | -aln | Socialism |
| philosophy | Republic | Anthropo- | Inter- | -fil | -arn | Biathlon |
| Dialectics | Progress | Neo- | Sub- | -fob | -cheers | Futurology |
| Thesis | University | Poly- | Super | -id | -oriya | YFluorography |
| Synthesis | faculty | Pseudo- | Quasi- | -hloov | -tion | Carcinogen |
Lub universality ntawm cov lus Latin yog tias thaum sau cov ntsiab lus tshiab, koj tuaj yeem siv nws cov ntsiab lus.
Italy
Qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam mus rau kev lag luam tau pab txhawb kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov lus European nrog cov piv txwv ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb hauv kev lag luam nyiaj txiag, kev tsim kho, pleev xim thiab suab paj nruag. Ltalis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog ib tug trendsetter.
| Internationalisms ntawm Italian keeb kwm | Russian translation |
| Banca | bank |
| Credit | Credit |
| Saldo | Nyiaj |
| Facciata | Facade |
| Balcone | Balcony |
| Sonata | Sonata |
| Battaglione | Battalion |
Fabkis
Lub 17th-18th centuries tau cim los ntawm cov piv txwv tshiab ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm kev thoob ntiaj teb kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg European. Fabkis tau dhau los ua lub xeev tseem ceeb hauv kev ua yeeb yam, kev ua neej nyob, thiab kev ua noj. Ntau lo lus Greco-Roman tau dhau los ua kev ntseeg thoob ntiaj teb ua tsaug rau Fabkis txoj kev hloov pauv, xws li: kiv puag ncig, kev cai lij choj, kev hlub neeg, kev tawm tsam thiab ntau lwm yam.
| Internationalisms ntawm Fabkis keeb kwm | Russian translation |
| Mode | Fashion |
| Txoj Cai | Txoj Cai |
| Boudoire | Boudoir |
| Bouillon | Bouillon |
| Omelette | Omelet |
| Elegant | Elegant |
England
Lub neej pej xeem, kev nom kev tswv thiab kev lag luam ntawm Tebchaws Europe tau ua siab dav ntxiv nrog cov lus los ntawm lus Askiv. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias England nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm muaj cov tub rog muaj zog tshaj plaws thiab yog tus thawj coj hauv kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo nrog rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no. Kev lag luam thiab kev tshaj tawm txoj moo zoo tau nqa nrog lawv ib feem ntawm Askiv kab lis kev cai thiab kab lis kev cai rau txhua lub tebchaws thiab cov koom haum.
| Internationalisms of English origin | Russian translation |
| Interview | interview |
| tus thawj coj | |
| Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws. | dum |
| Export | export |
| Record | record |
| Nyob zoo | xov xwm |
| Jeans | jeans |
Lub Tebchaws Yelemees
Txawm hais tias muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog qhov muaj ntau qhov qiv nyiaj los ntawm German lus, linguists hais qhov sib txawv. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees uas 40% ntawm cov lus yog kev thoob ntiaj teb, thiab feem coob ntawm lawv yog Anglo-Americanisms. Hauv qhov no, phau ntawv txhais lus siv Anglizismenliste raug tso tawm. Nws yog tsim los nrhiav thiab hloov Americanisms nrog cov lus German sib npaug, tawm hauv kev xaiv rau cov neeg siv. Qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov poob ntawm originality ntawm cov lus German yog cuam tshuam rau lub sijhawm tam sim no. Qee cov lus niaj hnub tseem tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees.
| Internationalisms ntawm German keeb kwm | Russian translation |
| Drell | Txhob |
| Kran | Crane |
| Gefreiter | Corporal |
| Bombarder | Scorer |
| Ramin | Hluav Taws |
| Flpenstock | Alpenstock |
| Hantel | Dumbbell |
Zoo kawg
Loanwords tsis tshwm hauv Lavxias tam sim ntawd. Qhov no yog ib tug zuj zus, systematic centuries-laus txheej txheem. Kev hloov kho ntawm cov lus nrog cov piv txwv ntawm thoob ntiaj teb kev ntseeg hauv Lavxias tau yooj yim los ntawm ntau yamextralinguistic yam (kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm haiv neeg, kev hloov nom tswv, nyiaj txiag, kev sib raug zoo, thiab lwm yam). Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm cov lus qiv nyiaj hauv haiv neeg hais lus ua rau muaj kev sib cav ntawm cov linguists. Ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, nws tuaj yeem sib cav tias qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tsis yog qhov tsis muaj tseeb thiab kev ua raws li "tus txhais lus kub" yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua.
