Cov noob caj noob ces tau ua rau peb xav tsis thoob nrog nws qhov kev ua tiav hauv kev kawm txog tib neeg genome thiab lwm yam kab mob nyob. Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws manipulations thiab xam yuav ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj feem ntau lees txais lub ntsiab lus thiab cov cim qhia, uas qhov kev tshawb fawb no tsis yog deprived.
Dab tsi yog genotypes?
Lo lus yog to taub raws li tag nrho cov noob ntawm ib lub cev, uas yog khaws cia rau hauv cov chromosomes ntawm txhua lub hlwb. Lub tswv yim ntawm genotype yuav tsum txawv ntawm genome, vim ob lo lus muaj lub ntsiab lus sib txawv. Yog li, lub genome sawv cev rau tag nrho cov noob ntawm ib hom tsiaj (tib neeg genome, liab genome, luav genome).
tib neeg genotype tsim li cas?
Dab tsi yog genotype hauv biology? Thaum pib, nws tau xav tias cov txheej txheem ntawm cov noob ntawm txhua lub cell ntawm lub cev txawv. Ib lub tswv yim zoo li no tau tsis lees paub txij li lub sijhawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim cov zygote los ntawm ob gametes: txiv neej thiab poj niam. Txij li thaum ib yam kab mob nyob yog tsim los ntawm ib tug zygote los ntawm ntau yam kev faib, nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus twv hais tias tag nrho cov tom ntej hlwb yuav muaj raws nraim tib lub noob.
Txawm li cas los xij, genotype ntawm cov niam txiv yuav tsum txawv ntawm tus menyuam. Lub fetus hauv plab muaj ib nrab ntawm cov noob los ntawm niam thiab txiv, yog li cov menyuam yaustxawm lawv zoo li lawv niam lawv txiv, tab sis tib lub sij hawm lawv tsis yog 100% luam ntawm lawv.
Dab tsi yog genotype thiab phenotype? Lawv txawv li cas?
Phenotype yog kev sib xyaw ntawm tag nrho cov cim sab nraud thiab sab hauv ntawm lub cev. Piv txwv yog cov plaub hau xim, freckles, qhov siab, hom ntshav, hemoglobin suav, enzyme synthesis lossis tsis tuaj.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov phenotype tsis yog ib yam dab tsi tseeb thiab ruaj khov. Yog tias koj saib cov hares, xim ntawm lawv lub tsho hloov pauv nyob ntawm lub caij: lawv grey nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov thiab dawb nyob rau lub caij ntuj no.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias cov noob caj noob ces ib txwm nyob tas mus li, thiab cov phenotype tuaj yeem sib txawv. Yog hais tias peb coj mus rau hauv tus account lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb ntawm txhua tus neeg lub cev ntawm lub cev, ib tug ntawm lawv yog raws nraim tib yam genotype. Txawm li cas los xij, insulin yog synthesized nyob rau hauv ib qho, keratin nyob rau hauv lwm yam, thiab actin nyob rau hauv peb. Txhua tus tsis zoo ib yam rau ib leeg hauv cov duab thiab qhov loj, ua haujlwm. Qhov no yog hu ua phenotypic expression. Nov yog dab tsi genotypes yog dab tsi thiab lawv txawv li cas ntawm phenotype.
qhov tshwm sim no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias thaum lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm cov kabmob embryonic, qee cov noob tau suav nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm, thaum lwm tus nyob hauv "kev pw tsaug zog". Cov tom kawg tseem nyob tsis muaj zog tag nrho lawv lub neej, lossis rov qab siv los ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm cov xwm txheej ntxhov siab.
Piv txwv ntawm kev kaw cov genotypes
Hauv kev xyaum, kev kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yog ua nrog kev pab los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov noob. Piv txwv li, cov noob rau lub qhov muag xim av tau sau nrog tsab ntawv "A", thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub qhov muag xiav yog sau nrog tsab ntawv me "a". Yog li ntawd lawv qhia tau hais tias lub cim ntawm xim av-eyedness yog dominant, thiab xim xiav yog recessive.
Yog li, ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm tib neeg tuaj yeem yog:
- homozygotes (AA, xim av-qhov muag);
- heterozygotes (Aa, xim av-eyed);
- recessive homozygotes (aa, xiav-eyed).
Txoj cai no yog siv los kawm txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob nrog ib leeg, thiab feem ntau siv ob peb khub ntawm cov noob ib zaug. Qhov no begs cov lus nug: dab tsi yog genotype 3 (4/5/6, thiab lwm yam)?
kab lus no txhais tau hais tias peb khub ntawm noob tau noj ib zaug. Qhov kev nkag yuav yog, piv txwv li, qhov no: AaVVSs. Cov noob tshiab tshwm sim ntawm no uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov yam ntxwv sib txawv kiag li (piv txwv li, cov plaub hau ncaj thiab curls, muaj protein ntau lossis nws qhov tsis tuaj).
Vim li cas tus qauv genotype sau cia li raug cai?
Txhua yam noob tau pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb muaj lub npe tshwj xeeb. Feem ntau cov no yog lus Askiv lossis kab lus uas tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov ntev. Kev sau cov npe nyuaj rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev tshawb fawb txawv teb chaws, yog li cov kws tshawb fawb tau qhia cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim ntawm cov noob.
Txawm tias tus menyuam kawm ntawv theem siab qee zaum paub tias genotype 3a yog dab tsi. Cov ntaub ntawv no txhais tau hais tias 3 alleles ntawm tib lub noob yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov noob. Siv lub npe tiag tiag ntawm cov noob yuav ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev nkag siab txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm noob neej.
Thaum nws los txog rau lub chaw soj nstuam uas muaj karyotype loj thiab DNA kev tshawb fawb, ces lawv mus rau cov npe ntawm cov noob. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb rau cov kws tshawb fawb uas luam tawmcov txiaj ntsig ntawm lawv qhov kev tshawb fawb.
Qhov twg siv genotypes
Lwm qhov zoo ntawm kev siv cov ntawv sau yooj yim yog nws muaj ntau yam. Ntau txhiab tus noob muaj lawv tus kheej lub npe, tab sis txhua tus ntawm lawv tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm tsuas yog ib tsab ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Latin. Hauv feem ntau ntawm cov xwm txheej, thaum daws teeb meem caj ces rau cov cim sib txawv, cov ntawv tau rov ua dua, thiab txhua zaus lub ntsiab lus yog deciphered. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib txoj hauj lwm gene B yog cov plaub hau dub, thiab nyob rau hauv lwm yam nws yog lub xub ntiag ntawm mole.
Lo lus nug "dab tsi yog genotypes" tau tsa tsis yog hauv cov chav kawm biology xwb. Qhov tseeb, lub conventionality ntawm designations ua rau fuzziness ntawm formulations thiab cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv science. Hais lus kwv yees, kev siv genotypes yog tus qauv lej. Hauv lub neej tiag tiag, txhua yam yog qhov nyuaj dua, txawm hais tias lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tseem tswj tau kom hloov mus rau ntawv.
Los ntawm thiab loj, genotypes hauv daim ntawv uas peb paub lawv tau siv rau hauv txoj haujlwm ntawm tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsev kawm ntawv kev kawm hauv kev daws teeb meem. Qhov no ua kom yooj yim rau kev nkag siab ntawm lub ncauj lus "dab tsi yog genotypes" thiab txhim kho cov tub ntxhais kawm lub peev xwm los soj ntsuam. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, kev txawj ntawm kev siv cov ntawv sau no tseem yuav muaj txiaj ntsig, txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev tshawb fawb tiag tiag, cov ntsiab lus tiag tiag thiab cov npe noob yog qhov tsim nyog dua.
Tam sim no, cov noob tau raug kawm hauv ntau lub chaw sim tshuaj lom neeg. Kev nkag mus thiab siv cov genotypes muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev sab laj kev kho mob thaum ib lossis ntau qhov zoo tuaj yeem taug qab hauvntau tiam. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem kwv yees qhov tshwm sim phenotypic hauv cov menyuam yaus nrog qee qhov kev tshwm sim (piv txwv li, cov tsos ntawm blondes hauv 25% ntawm cov neeg mob lossis yug ntawm 5% ntawm cov menyuam yaus nrog polydactyly).
