Ib qho ntawm peb lub nceeg vaj ntawm eukaryotes (superdomain, uas suav nrog cov kab mob uas muaj cov nucleus cais hauv cov hlwb) - fungi. Lawv nyob ntawm ciam teb ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Niaj hnub no muaj txog 100 txhiab hom, feem ntau yog cov kab mob microscopic. Kab lus no qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv cov qauv thiab kev tsim tawm, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov xwm txheej thiab tib neeg kev lag luam.
Yuav luag cov nroj tsuag thiab tsis yog tsiaj txhu
Kingdom Mycota suav nrog cov kab mob unicellular thiab multicellular nrog lub koom haum peculiar heev. Lawv sib piv cov tsiaj thiab cov nroj tsuag, raws li hauv qab no:
- Lawv muaj phab ntsa ntawm tes, tab sis tsis yog los ntawm cellulose, zoo li hauv cov nroj tsuag, tab sis los ntawm chitin, zoo li hauv tsiaj.
- Nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov fungi muaj vacuoles uas muaj cov kua cell. Tab sis tsis yog hmoov txhuv nplej siab (hauv cov nroj tsuag), tab sis glycogen (hauv tsiaj).
- Mhrooms tsis muaj peev xwm txav tau. Lawv coj txoj kev ua neej nyob sib ze.
- Ntsuab- heterotrophs, lawv tsis muaj chlorophyll thiab lawv tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm photosynthesis. Yog li ntawd, lawv pub rau cov khoom npaj ua organic ntawm cov kab mob tuag (saprotrophs) lossis cov kab mob muaj sia (parasites).
- Tsis zoo li cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag, cov kab mob fungi tau xyaum tsis sib txawv rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, thiab cov ntaub so ntswg rau hauv lub cev.
Dab ntxwg nyoog dab ntxwg nyoog
Ntawm no yog cov nceb tau txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Ib tug ntawm Fabkis naturalists, Venyan, tau sau nyob rau hauv 1727 tias nceb muaj nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav cuam tshuam kev sib haum xeeb ntawm txhua yam nyob.
Cov lus nug ntawm keeb kwm ntawm nceb tseem qhib hnub no. Txawm hais tias rov qab rau xyoo pua 18th, tus kws tshaj lij botanist Carl Linnaeus tau ntaus nqi cov kab mob no rau lub nceeg vaj tsev so. Mushrooms, uas tshwm sim thaum kaj ntug ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no (kwv yees li ib billion xyoo dhau los), tab tom tos rau cov lus qhia rau lawv keeb kwm los ntawm biologists, biochemists, geneticists thiab taxonomists.
Systematics ntawm nceb
Txhua cov nceb tau muab faib ua 4 chav kawm (cov kab mob qis - Oomycetes thiab Zygomycetes, siab dua - Ascomycetes thiab Basidomycetes). Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb rau kev sib cais yog qhov muaj lossis tsis muaj flagella hauv gametes thiab hom kev sib deev. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv qis fungi, lub mycelium zoo li ib tug multinucleated cell, thaum nyob rau hauv ntau fungi, lub mycelium muaj intercellular septa.
Ntau cov nceb yog qhov loj me me. Feem ntau, lawv cov mycelium tsis pom yam tsis muaj qhov loj lossis pom hauv daim ntawv nyias nyias. Lub xub ntiag ntawm microscopic fungi yog qhia los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lawv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb - kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj cov ntaub so ntswg lossis cov ntaub ntawv. Tag nrhoib pawg me me ntawm nceb tuaj yeem tsim cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo lub cev - tuab pawg ntawm mycelium.
Tus qauv ntawm microscopic fungi
Micromycetes tsis tsim cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, lawv tuaj yeem ua unicellular thiab multicellular. Raws li, morphology ntawm microscopic fungi yog ntau haiv neeg.
Lub cev ntawm ntau cov kab mob fungi yog tsim los ntawm cov kab mob sib txuas ua ke uas ua rau hyphae (xov) nrog lub thickness ntawm 0.15 mus rau 1 micron. Lub hyphae loj hlob apically (apically) thiab tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug branched qauv. Tag nrho cov kab mob fungal hyphae hu ua mycelium lossis mycelium.
Mushroom hyphae loj hlob sai heev. Hauv qee qhov piv txwv, mycelium tuaj yeem loj hlob kaum metres hauv ib hnub xwb.
Ib leeg-celled fungi (piv txwv li, Poov xab) yog ib lub cell, tsis tsim mycelium. Nws muaj cov nucleus, vacuoles nrog cov organic thiab inorganic tshuaj, mitochondria.
Txoj kev noj haus thiab lub neej
Lub microbiology ntawm microscopic fungi muaj nws tus yam ntxwv. Hyphae hlwb hla lub cytoplasmic membrane muaj ib daim nyias nyias uas muaj cov polysaccharide chitin. Lub cytoplasm ntawm lub cell muaj cov nucleus (ib los yog ntau tshaj) thiab organelles.
nceb nqus cov khoom noj los ntawm tag nrho cov saum npoo ntawm mycelium, uas nkag mus rau tag nrho cov substrate (substrate mycelium) lossis nyob rau ntawm nws qhov chaw (sov mycelium).
Khoom noj rau cov fungus yog cov organic tebchaw - qab zib, polyhydric alcohols, rog, proteins. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ib tug nplua nuj thiab ntau haiv neeg enzymaticcov cuab yeej tso cai rau koj siv tag nrho cov substrate los tsim lub cev ntawm microscopic fungi.
Microbiology paub qhov txawv ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj cov kab mob saprotrophic (pub ntawm cov organic teeb meem tuag) thiab cov kab mob parasitic (pub ntawm cov organic teeb meem) cov khoom noj khoom haus. Tsis tas li ntawd, fungi tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov nroj tsuag. Yog li, hyphae ntawm fungi thiab algae tsim symbiotic kab mob - lichens.
Microscopic pathogenic fungi tuaj yeem tsim hauv tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag thiab ua rau cov kab mob hu ua mycoses.
Txoj kev tsim tawm
Micromycetes yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm peb hom kev yug me nyuam: vegetative, asexual thiab kev sib deev.
Kev cog qoob loo ntawm microscopic fungi yog nqa los ntawm cov khoom ntawm mycelium. Piv txwv li, ib daim ntawm hypha ua rau ib tug tshiab mycelium ntawm fungus.
Kev sib deev kev sib deev yog nqa tawm nrog kev pab ntawm spores - microscopic rudiments uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv sporangia (tshwj xeeb qhov chaw ntawm mycelium). Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm spores yog ciaj sia nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo. Thiab rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm microscopic fungi uas ua rau ib tug kab mob txoj kev ua neej, spores pab kis tus kab mob.
Cov qauv ntawm cov txheej txheem kev sib deev hauv cov pwm muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab muab faib ua peb pawg:
- Gametogamy yog hom kev sib deev nrog kev tsim cov kab mob hlwb (gametes).
- Somatogamy yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov noob qoob loo ntawm mycelium lossis unicellular fungi.
- Gametangiogamy yog hom kev sib deev kev sib deev thaum cov qauv uas gametes tseem tsis tau muajsib txawv.
Thaum fusion ntawm gametes (fertilization), fungi tsim ib lub zygote nrog ib lossis ntau lub nuclei. Feem ntau, zygote tsis germinate tam sim ntawd, tab sis tom qab ib tug dormant lub sij hawm. Yog li cov nceb tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob ib puag ncig tsis zoo.
Micromycetes hauv xwm
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob microscopic hauv qhov xwm txheej yog qhov loj heev. Lawv koom nrog lub voj voog ntawm cov khoom, decomposing organic seem nrog rau cov kab mob.
Av fungi koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov txheej txheem fertile. Nyob rau hauv symbiosis nrog algae hauv lichens, lawv yog thawj zaug colonize cov av tsis zoo thiab koom nrog hauv kev puas tsuaj ntawm pob zeb.
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia qhov tshwm sim xws li mycorrhiza - cov hlwb ntawm cov kab mob microscopic nkag mus rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov nroj tsuag. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov nroj tsuag muab cov fungus nrog cov as-ham, thiab cov fungus tsim cov vitamins thiab nitrogen-muaj cov khoom tsim nyog rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
Microscopic fungi muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov biocenoses thiab ua ib qho tseem ceeb ecological muaj nuj nqi. Lawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb detritus txuas nyob rau hauv cov khoom noj chains thiab regulators ntawm abundance ntawm lwm yam kab mob. Hauv ntau cov biogeocenoses, qhov feem pua ntawm cov kab mob fungal los ntawm biomass ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob muaj txog li 90% thiab yog piv rau biomass ntawm cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov nroj tsuag siab dua.
Nws tsis tuaj yeem tsis nco qab lub luag haujlwm ntawm microscopic pathogenic fungi nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej. Lawv tswj hwm tus lej ntawm lwm cov kab mob thiab koom nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm biocenoses ntawm lub ntiaj teb.
Micromycetes thiab txiv neej
Nyob hauv lawv cov dej num, ib tug neeg tau sivqee cov nceb tsis zoo.
Microscopic fungi, pwm dawb thiab aspergillus, txhua yam ntawm cov poov xab yog siv nyob rau hauv bakery, mis nyuj, brewing, wine thiab cawv industries.
Nyob hauv kev lag luam kws tshuaj, micromycetes tau siv dav los tsim tshuaj tua kab mob, vitamins, tshuaj hormones, enzymes thiab physiologically active tshuaj.
Ntau micromycetes rhuav tshem cov ntawv thiab cov khoom lag luam cellulose, lwj cov roj thiab cov khoom siv roj av, ua rau kev puas tsuaj rau optics thiab ua haujlwm ntawm kos duab.
Moulds thiab poov xab yog lub ntsiab culprits ntawm zaub mov spoilage. Lawv kuj yog ntoo rhuav - ntoo puas.
Microscopic pathogenic fungi ua rau cov kab mob hauv cov qoob loo, tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg. Vim lawv muaj peev xwm tsim tau co toxins, nceb feem ntau ua rau lom.
Mycotoxins
Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj phom sij tsim los ntawm microscopic fungi yog cov metabolites (khoom siv khib nyiab) nrog ntau hom tshuaj lom neeg thiab cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev.
Hnub no, ntau dua 250 hom micromycetes tau paub. Lawv synthesize txog 100 co toxins thiab allergens. Microscopic fungi ntawm ntau hom tuaj yeem tsim cov tshuaj lom tib yam. Thiab cov tshuaj lom lawv tus kheej feem ntau muaj qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm tib neeg lub cev, uas yog:
- Yaflatoxins - muaj hepatotoxic, mutagenic, tiv thaiv kab mob rau tib neeg lub cev.
- Trichothecenes yog neurotoxins uas ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog,ua rau muaj ntau yam dermatitis.
- Ochratoxins - feem ntau cuam tshuam rau cov tubules ntawm nephrons ntawm ob lub raum.
- Patulins yog neurotoxins thiab mutagens.
Thaum muaj tshuaj lom nrog micromycete toxins, lub plab yuav tsum tau ntxuav ua ntej.
YParasitic micromycetes
Pab pawg no suav nrog ntau tus kab mob fungi uas ua rau muaj ntau yam kab mob hauv tib neeg, nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu, ntses. Cov kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij hu ua dermatomycosis, thiab pathologies ntawm cov kabmob hu ua mycoses.
Cov kab mob uas tib neeg feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob parasitic yog:
- Dermatophytosis (sab los yog ringworm), uas tshwm sim nws tus kheej li liab, khaus thaj ua rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov hauv paus plaub hau.
- Candidiasis (thrush) yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm genus Candida, uas yog facultatively pathogenic thiab yog ib feem ntawm cov microflora ntawm qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, qhov chaw mos thiab cov hnyuv loj.
- Onychomycosis (tus ntsia thawv fungus) yog tshwm sim los ntawm ntau yam fungi uas cuam tshuam rau qhov chaw subungual.
- Sporotrichosis - kab mob fungi ua kom cov nqaij mos subcutaneous, mucous daim nyias nyias, sab hauv nruab nrog cev.
- Dub thiab dawb piedra yog ib yam kab mob uas cuam tshuam rau cov hauv paus plaub hau ntawm lub hwj txwv thiab pob muag. Tus neeg sawv cev ua rau yog cov fungus ntawm genus Piedraia.
Thiab qhov no tsis yog tag nrho cov kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm micromycetes. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txoj hauv kev uas cov kab mob nkag mus rau hauv lub cev muaj ntau yam (cua, dej, kev sib cuag), thiab lawv cov kev tawm tsam rau ntau yam xov xwm yog qhov siab heev.
Ntaus micromycetes
Microscopic fungi suav nrog Mucor, Penicillium thiab Poov xab.
Mushrooms of the genus Mucor is 60 hom nceb uas peb hu ua pwm dawb. Lawv tsim cov cheeb tsam ntawm cov xim dawb thiab grey, uas tig dub raws li cov spores paub tab. Mucor mycelium yog unicellular, lub cell phab ntsa muaj nitrogen-muaj carbohydrate chitosan, uas muaj allergenic nta. Ntawm lawv muaj cov kab mob cab, tab sis kuj muaj cov uas nquag siv hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Mushroom Mukor Suav - lub hauv paus ntawm sourdough "ragi" raws li kua thiab cereals.
Penicillium (Penicillium) yog ib hom kab mob microscopic fungi uas muaj nyob txhua qhov chaw - hauv av, dej, hiav txwv, huab cua, chav, ntawm txhua qhov chaw. Tsim greenish colonies. Penicillium golden lossis ntsuab txhuam pwm yog cov neeg sawv cev tshaj plaws ntawm cov genus thiab qhov chaw ntawm penicillin. Cov nceb no muaj branching multicellular mycelium.
Cov poov xab yog ib pawg ntawm cov kab mob sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob sib txawv los ntawm cov chav kawm sib txawv (1,500 hom los ntawm chav kawm Ascomycetes thiab Basidomycetes). Cov fungi no tsis tsim mycelium, thiab lawv cov hlwb muaj txog li 40 microns loj. Lawv tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv ib pawg neeg rau qhov peculiarities ntawm cov metabolism - lawv txhua tus tau txais lub zog thaum lub sij hawm fermentation (cov txheej txheem redox, vim yog cov carbohydrates decompose, thiab cawv yog cov khoom tawg). Ua khob cij, winemaking, brewing thiab kvass brewing tsis yog ib daim ntawv teev tag nrho ntawm kev lag luam uas ib tug neeg siv cov nceb no. Thiab nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom noj uas lwj, thiab qee qhovCov kab mob uas ua rau tib neeg muaj kab mob (candidiasis, cryptococcosis, pityriasis, folliculitis, seborrheic dermatitis).
Yus yos hav zoov
Txiv li nws yuav zoo li, muaj cov "neeg tua tsiaj" ntawm cov kab mob microscopic.
Yog li, cov fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora tsim ib lub network nrog nws cov hyphae, cov phab ntsa uas npog nrog ib tug nplaum. Cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm fungus yog roundworms (nematodes) nyob hauv av. Tus cab daig rau lub hyphae yog deprived ntawm lub sij hawm mus tso nws tus kheej, thiab hyphae sai sai loj hlob mus rau hauv nws lub cev. Cov nematode dhau los ua zaub mov thiab tom qab 24 teev tsuas yog lub plhaub tseem nyob.
Lwm cov kab mob, Dactylaria Candida, tsim lub nplhaib zoo li lasso los ntawm hyphae. Lub nematode nkag mus rau nws thiab lub nplhaib kaw. Zaj yeeb yaj kiab no zoo ib yam li yav dhau los.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov av micromycetes tau kawm los ntawm biologists ntev los siv rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob lom ntawm cov qoob loo.
Environmental bioindicators
Kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb biologist tau ua pov thawj tias cov kab mob microscopic muaj peev xwm hloov lawv cov lej thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob ntawm lub xeev ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob.
Nquag, cov av micromycetes yog kwv yees li 10 tons ib hectare, thiab tib lub sijhawm nws muaj ntau haiv neeg. Hauv kev kawm txog cov av paug nrog cov roj thiab nws cov khoom, ecologists tau pom tias thaum noj tshuaj lom ntau ntau, cov naj npawb thiab hom kab mob ntawm cov av microscopic fungi hloov pauv loj heev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, hom ntau haiv neeg sharply txo, micromycetes nrog kev loj hlob sai pib predominate, uas yog tsis raug rau xws li av. Tsis tas li ntawd,Ntau ntawm cov fungi no yog phytopathogenic - lawv tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg uas cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem intracellular hauv cov kab mob hauv cov nroj tsuag, uas ua rau inhibition ntawm lawv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab kev tuag.
Yog li, cov lej thiab hom muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov kab mob microscopic tuaj yeem ua tau qhov ntsuas pom tseeb ntawm cov av paug nrog roj thiab nws cov derivatives.
Summarize
Rau ntau txhiab xyoo, kev tshem tawm cov rog ntawm daim tawv nqaij tau suav tias yog txheej txheem siv sijhawm ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam tawv. Cov txheej txheem yog ntev thiab ntxhov, siv pigeon droppings thiab aub excrement. Niaj hnub no, proteinase, ib qho enzyme tau los ntawm Aspergillus nceb, tau ua kom cov txheej txheem no luv mus rau 24 teev thiab tseem ua rau cov tawv nqaij softer thiab yooj yim rau xim.
Nov yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov kab mob microscopic uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li cas. Txawm hais tias kev loj hlob ntawm biology, ntau yam ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob no tseem nyob tsis tau.
Txhua xyoo taxonomists piav txog ntau tshaj li ib txhiab hom tshiab ntawm microscopic fungi. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov av micromycetes tseem yog cov ceg tsis tau tshawb nrhiav tshaj plaws ntawm ob qho tib si bioecology thiab biogeography. Thiab qhov no feem ntau yog vim muaj teeb meem ntawm kev soj ntsuam cov kab mob hauv lawv qhov chaw nyob.
Ib ntu tshiab hauv mycology - cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm fungal toxins - niaj hnub no ua rau peb muaj kev cia siab ntawm kev kov yeej mob qog noj ntshav. Piv txwv li, Chaga fungus toxin ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav cancer. Thiab psilocycin muab cov kev xav tau zoo ua ntej raukev kho mob ntawm lub paj hlwb. Txawm hais tias qhov kev tshawb fawb penicillium tseem ua rau cov kws kho mob tsis txaus ntseeg - tsis ntev los no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tswj hwm cais tawm ntawm nws cov tshuaj uas zoo ib yam li cov tshuaj hormones liberins.
Ncej yuav tsis sawv ib sab hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg tshiab ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov qoob loo ntawm cov nroj tsuag ua liaj ua teb, thiab hauv kev tsim cov "ntsuab" tshiab ntawm kev pov tseg.
