Palladium: qhov twg nws siv, kev siv thiab cov khoom

Cov txheej txheem:

Palladium: qhov twg nws siv, kev siv thiab cov khoom
Palladium: qhov twg nws siv, kev siv thiab cov khoom
Anonim

Tsis ntev los no, ntau thiab ntau zaus koj tuaj yeem hnov cov lus nug ntawm qhov twg palladium siv thiab yuav ua li cas thiaj tau. Qhov no tsis yog txhua yam xwm txheej, vim tias nws cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev nom kev tswv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Ntau tus neeg xav kom tau txais cov hlau kim no rau ntau yam laj thawj, tab sis tsis yog txhua tus ua tiav. Nws nyuaj rau nrhiav palladium tsuas yog taug kev ntawm txoj kev, txawm tias nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim rau cov neeg muaj hmoo.

qhov twg palladium siv hauv kev lag luam
qhov twg palladium siv hauv kev lag luam

Cov kab lus yuav qhia koj txog cov khoom thiab kev siv ntawm palladium, nrog rau cov nqi rau hnub no. Cov ntaub ntawv yuav muaj kev txaus siab tshwj xeeb rau connoisseurs ntawm precious hlau. Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias kev ua haujlwm mining ntawm lub caij no pib tsis ntev dhau los, nws cov koob meej tau nce zoo heev.

Properties

Ua ntej peb tham txog qhov twg palladium siv, nws tsim nyog paub vim li cas nws thiaj li cuam tshuam rau niaj hnub no. Qhov tseeb, qhov no tau yooj yim tsis yog los ntawm cov neeg muaj koob meej xwbkeeb kwm, tab sis kuj zoo kawg cov khoom, uas cov hlau no tsis yog li ntawd me me.

Hauv kev tshawb fawb, muaj peb pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom: lub cev, tshuaj thiab lom. Cov no yog cov uas yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab nyias. Qhov no yuav pab tsim kom muaj kev nkag siab dav dua ntawm cov khoom hauv nqe lus nug yog dab tsi.

siv palladium
siv palladium

Lub cev

Hais txog qhov twg palladium siv thiab qhov twg nws tuaj, nws tsim nyog hais txog tus kws tshuaj Askiv hu ua William Wollaston. Nws yog nws uas tau txais cov hlau no, rov qab rau xyoo 1803. Thiab lub npe ntawm cov khoom no tau muab rau hauv kev hwm ntawm lub hnub qub Pallas, uas tau paub rau lub ntiaj teb tsis ntev ua ntej kev tshem tawm cov hlau no hauv chav kuaj. Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, nws nyuaj rau tib neeg nrhiav lub hom phiaj rau lub ntsiab lus tshiab, yog li rau qee lub sijhawm nws yuav tsum tau pw tsis tsaug zog.

Palladium nws tus kheej muaj xim dawb dawb. Raws li rau nws cov tsos, nws zoo nkaus li zoo tib yam nyiaj. Lub cev lub cev ntawm cov khoom no tau pom tias yog:

  • boiling point - 2940 °C;
  • density – 12.0 g/cm3;
  • modulus ntawm elasticity - 12,600 kgf / mm 2;
  • melting point - 1554 °C;
  • Brinell hardness - 52 kgf/mm2.

Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias txawm tias niaj hnub no cov hlau hauv nqe lus nug tau lees paub tias yog ib qho tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv ntiaj teb. Hauv ntiaj teb no nws tsuas muaj 0, 000001%.

Lwm qhov muaj peev xwm nthuav dav ntawm lub caij yog hloov nws cov qauvpib los ntawm cua sov los ntawm 18 ° C. Thiab nrog kev nce ntxiv hauv qhov ntsuas no, cov kev hloov pauv hloov tsis tau.

Cov kws tshawb fawb ntxiv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pab pawg platinum rau palladium. Vim li no, lawv tswj kom txhim kho cov khoom ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Piv txwv li, nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm ruthenium thiab rhodium, cov tshuaj lom neeg ua rau ob npaug zog thiab elastic.

siv palladium hauv kev lag luam
siv palladium hauv kev lag luam

Tshuaj

Kev siv palladium hauv ntau yam kev ua haujlwm kuj tau piav qhia los ntawm nws cov khoom siv tshuaj. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nws muaj ib tug ncaj siab inertia, raws li zoo raws li galvanic kuj, uas yog tsis tshua muaj heev nyob rau hauv niaj hnub hlau. Cov khoom zoo li no tau piav qhia los ntawm cov qauv atomic ntawm lub caij. Nws tseem tsim nyog hais tias nws tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov kua qaub, dej molecules thiab alkalis nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev, yog li nws yuav tsis muaj peev xwm muab cov kev sim hauv tsev kawm ntawv yooj yim tshaj plaws rau nws, txawm tias tsis tshua muaj leej twg yuav pom zoo kom tau txais nws rau lub hom phiaj no.

Yog tias koj kub cov hlau rau 350 degrees, nws qhov kev tiv thaiv yuav nyob ruaj khov. Tab sis nrog kev nce hauv qhov ntsuas no, nws yuav pib oxidize. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, ib daim duab oxide zaj duab xis dulls ntawm cov hlau nto. Yog tias koj sov nws mus txog 850 degrees, koj tuaj yeem saib nws qhov lwj. Qhov tshwm sim no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv qhov kub ntawm 800 txog 850 degrees, lub caij twb muaj kev tiv thaiv oxidation thiab tsis qiv nws tus kheej rau nws.

Tsis ntev tas los no, cov kws tshawb fawb pom ib qho tseeb nthuav. Nws lub ntsiab yog hais tias ib tug daws ntawm nitric acid muaj peev xwm ntawm thinning ntshiab titaniumphaj los ntawm 19 hli ib xyoo, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug alloy ntawm palladium nrog tib titanium, thinning yuav tshwm sim ntau qeeb - tsuas yog 0.10 hli ib xyoo.

Kub txog 500 degrees, lub caij ua tiav nrog ntau yam oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev, suav nrog fluorine. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, cov kws tshawb fawb twb tau tshawb fawb ntau lawm.

Ib qho tshuaj ntxiv ntawm palladium yog nws lub peev xwm los txhim kho cov peev txheej tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm titanium. Thaum cov hlau muaj nuj nqis ntxiv rau lub caij no, nws qhov kev tiv thaiv rau qhov chaw ua phem tau nce ntxiv.

kev siv palladium hauv kev lag luam
kev siv palladium hauv kev lag luam

Biological

Kev siv tshuaj kho mob ntawm palladium tseem tsis tau tshawb pom tag nrho. Tam sim no, cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tab tom nrhiav kev lom zem ntawm lub caij no. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv twb nrhiav tau nws lub peev xwm kho tau, ua tsaug uas nws tau nquag siv hauv cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm complex compounds rau zus tau tej cov tshuaj cytostatic.

Qhov twg palladium mined

Hnub no, Norilsk Nickel yuav tsum ua tsaug rau kev siv palladium hauv tebchaws Russia. Nws yog nws uas tuav thawj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub extraction ntawm no precious hlau. Kev tuav yog koom nrog kev tsim tawm txog 41% ntawm palladium raw khoom thoob ntiaj teb. Lub ntsiab deposits yog nyob rau ntawm Taimyr Peninsula, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub Arctic. Muaj tooj liab-nickel deposits, qhov twg cov kev ua ub no yog nqa tawm mus rho tawm cov khoom muaj nqis.

Lub xeev thib ob ntawm kev txais palladium yog South Africa. Ntawm no yog tam sim nodeposits uas muab txog 38% ntawm cov hlau tsim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Qhov seem tshuav, uas yog 21%, tau muab faib ua ntau thaj chaw nyob hauv cov tebchaws hauv qab no:

  • Canada - 9%;
  • Zimbabwe - 3%;
  • North America - 6%;
  • Colombia, Australia thiab lwm tus (ua ke) - 3%.
daim ntawv thov palladium
daim ntawv thov palladium

Siv hlau hauv tshuaj

Palladium siv qhov twg? Hais lus tshwj xeeb txog kev kho mob, ntawm no txhua yam kev pab rau prosthetics yog tsim los ntawm lub caij no. Nws kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov pacemakers. Tsis tas li ntawd, palladium yog siv los kho mob qog noj ntshav - nws yog siv los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.

Qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub

Kev siv palladium hauv kev lag luam hniav nyiaj hniav kub yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb, txij li cov khoom lag luam nrog nws cov kev koom tes dhau los ua kom txaus nyiam thiab txaus siab rau lub qhov muag tsis yog ntawm cov poj niam zoo nkauj xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov poj niam sib txawv. Raws li txoj cai, cov hlau hauv nqe lus nug yog siv los ua kev kho kom zoo nkauj ywj pheej, tab sis qee zaum nws ua haujlwm ntxiv rau cov khoom siv nyiaj thiab kub. Nws tsis yog kev cai los ua ke nrog lwm cov hlau muaj nuj nqis. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom lag luam nrog nws qhov kev koom tes ncaj qha yuav luag tsis tau ua tiav nrog cov pob zeb muaj txiaj ntsig.

Scope ntawm palladium
Scope ntawm palladium

Palladium hauv kev lag luam tsheb

Kev siv palladium hauv kev lag luam, lossis theej kev lag luam tsheb, tsis yog qhov dav. Nrog nws kev koom tescatalytic converters yog tsim. Txawm hais tias tau ntau xyoo cov kws tshawb fawb tau xav txog qhov twg ntxiv cov khoom no tuaj yeem siv rau hauv thaj chaw no.

Cov txheeb cais tsis ntev los no qhia tias cov nyiaj palladium siv hauv kev lag luam tsheb tau kwv yees li ib nrab xyoo dhau los. Txawm hais tias nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nws cov khoom tau nce ntau dua 25%. Yog vim li cas rau tej yam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov hlau - nws yog loj hlob nrog rau cov kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam tsheb.

Lwm daim ntawv thov

Palladium siv nyob qhov twg hauv kev lag luam? Cov npe saum toj no ntawm kev lag luam tsis yog tag nrho. Xws li cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig kuj tseem siv tau hauv thaj chaw hauv qab no:

  1. Hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob. Ntawm no, cov hlau nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug yuav siv sij hawm ib tug active ib feem nyob rau hauv lub creation ntawm thermostats, capacitors, thermocouples, raws li zoo raws li hluav taws xob connectors. Tag nrho cov no nrog rau kev koom tes ntawm lub caij nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug pib tsim tsis yog li ntawd ntev dhau los. Cov thev naus laus zis tau txais koob meej sai sai, yog li tsis muaj kev npaj yuav hloov pauv hauv cov lus qhia no hais txog kev tshem tawm palladium ntawm tag nrho lossis ntxiv cov khoom tshiab raws li nws.
  2. tshuaj. Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv qhov kev lag luam no nquag siv lub ntsiab lus raws li lub zog catalyst, uas yog, tshwj xeeb accelerator rau qee qhov kev cuam tshuam. Hmoov tsis zoo, nws tsis cuam tshuam nrog tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub rooj sib tham, tab sis qhov no tsis tiv thaiv kev txhim kho cov kev cuam tshuam tshiab nrog nws txoj kev koom tes ncaj qha.
  3. Kev nqis peev. Oddly txaus, palladium tau pom kev siv tau zoo ntawm no thiab. Cov nyiaj npib muaj nuj nqis yog minted los ntawm nws thiabsiv rau kev nqis peev nyiaj txiag.
  4. Khoom noj. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntsiab lus hauv nqe lus nug. Nws yog qee zaum siv los tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tais diav. Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm qhov tseeb paub tias cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig yog tshuaj lom neeg nruab nrab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom tsim nrog nws cov kev koom tes yog xyaum tsis txawv ntawm cov khoom zoo tib yam, tab sis lawv cov nqi yog qhov kev txiav txim siab dua.

Nqis

Rau ib gram ntawm ntshiab palladium, koj yuav tau them tsawg kawg yog 1,300 rubles. Raws li rau cov khoom uas nws suav nrog, nws tag nrho nyob ntawm qhov feem pua ntawm cov ntsiab lus hlau no.

Cov kws tshaj lij uas yuav cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm nws tus kheej faib tus nqi raws li qhov no:

  • kev sib cuag, koob, koob, thiab lwm yam. (palladium cov ntsiab lus yog 18-28%) - txog 350 rubles ib gram;
  • winding los ntawm cov hlua thiab lwm yam (80% ntawm cov khoom hauv cov khoom xyaw) - ntau tshaj ib txhiab rubles rau 1 g;
  • npib (Soviet 5, 10 thiab 25 rubles - muaj txog 99.9% ntawm cov hlau no) - los ntawm 1400 rubles;
  • cov khoom siv hauv xov tooj cua (limiters, resistors, Shiv ligature, gas mask filters) - tus nqi yog xam los ntawm daim, raws li qhov hnyav, qeb ntawm cov khoom thiab lwm yam ntxwv;
  • palladium chloride (xim av hmoov nrog crystals) - ib txhiab rubles ib kilogram.
palladium khoom thiab kev siv
palladium khoom thiab kev siv

Zoo kawg

Txawm hais tias palladium suav tias yog cov hlau tsis tshua muaj, muaj cov ntaub ntawv txaus txog nws kom nkag siab tias nws yog dab tsi. Nws muaj ntau yam khoom nthuav thiab nws txoj kev kawm tseem tab tom ua. Scrollindustries nyob rau hauv uas lub caij no yuav siv tau yog tas li expanding. Tus nqi ntawm palladium tsis siab npaum li ib qho yuav xav tau thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, txawm hais tias tsuas yog ob peb tus neeg maj mam yuav cov khoom zoo li no.

Pom zoo: