Taxonomy (systematics ntawm chav kawm ntawm cov noog tshwj xeeb) yog ib qho ntawm cov ntu qub tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb lom neeg. Nws lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas tag nrho cov kev sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob, txhim kho theoretical thiab tswv yim lub hauv paus rau lawv cov kev faib tawm, thiab tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm tsev neeg ntawm tib neeg hom thiab pawg ntawm hom. Yog tsis muaj qhov no, nws tsis tuaj yeem taug kev ntau haiv neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb organic nyob ib puag ncig.
Txoj haujlwm ntawm taxonomy
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov noog systematics yog raws li hauv qab no:
- kev txheeb xyuas, piav qhia thiab kev tsim npe tom ntej ntawm hom noog, tsis yog tam sim no, tab sis kuj fossils;
- txiav txim siab qhov laj thawj thiab yam ntawm speciation.
Historical Luv luv
Thawj zaug sim ua kom muaj kab mob tsiaj txhu tau tsim los ntawm Aristotle hauv xyoo pua 4 BC. Nws koom ua ke txhua tus paub rau nwsnoog nyob rau hauv ib genus - Ornithes. Lub kaw lus tsis zoo tag nrho, tab sis qhov no tsis tiv thaiv nws los ntawm qhov uas twb muaj lawm mus txog rau ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th.
Thawj zaug, cov noog tau muab faib ua pawg raws li morphological thiab sab nraud nta los ntawm Askiv biologist F. Willoughby hauv phau ntawv Ornithologiae libri tres, uas tau tsim thiab luam tawm tom qab nws tuag hauv 1676. Nws yog qhov kev tshawb fawb no. qhov chaw uas Carl Linnaeus tom qab ntawd nquag siv thaum tsim "System of Nature", suav nrog kev sau se ntawm cov noog. Nws qhia txog binomial nomenclature thiab hierarchical pawg rau xaiv hom, uas tseem siv niaj hnub no. Cov kab ke Linnaean suav nrog rau chav kawm (qib), ib qho ntawm lawv, nrog rau amphibians, worms, ntses, kab thiab tsiaj txhu, tau nyob los ntawm noog (Aves).
Qhov thib peb hauv kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem poob rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Lub sijhawm no, kev saib xyuas ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsom mus rau kev kawm evolution hauv ib hom thiab nrhiav nws txoj hauv kev. Niaj hnub nimno noog taxonomy thov rau lub tswvyim xws li "infraclass ntawm kiv cua-tailed noog", los yog "cov noog tiag". Cia wb mus saib lawv.
Infraclass fantails
Infraclass ua ke tag nrho cov pob txha paub thiab cov noog nyob hauv ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, nrog rau qee qhov tshwj xeeb. Nws yog qhia nyob rau hauv ib tug sharply shortened caudal qaum thiab fusion ntawm lub xeem 4-6 vertebrae mus rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb pob txha hu ua pygostyle, uas tus Tsov tus tw yog txuas. Tam sim no, subclass tau muab faib ua ob superorders: keelless thiab tshiab-palatine. Ua ke lawvsib sau ua ke 40 niaj hnub kev txiav txim ntawm cov noog thiab peb tus uas ploj lawm.
noog tsis txaus
Cov npe tsis raug cai ntawm lub suab nrov zoo li ostrich, khiav lossis du-chested noog. Nws tsis yog ntau, raws li niaj hnub taxonomy ntawm cov noog uas tsis muaj keel, tsuas muaj 58 hom, muab faib ua tsib qhov kev txiav txim:
- Kiwi-puab detachment. Xws li ib tsev neeg thiab genus ntawm tib lub npe. Tsib hom kab mob (loj thiab me grey, sab qaum teb xim av, ntau kiwi thiab Apteryx rowi) paub tias nyob hauv New Zealand.
- Nandu-shaped detachment. Muaj ib tsev neeg thiab genus, sawv cev los ntawm ob hom: ntau thiab Darwin rhea.
- Cov kab laug sab yog sawv cev los ntawm ib hom - African ostrich (daim duab saum toj no).
- Tinamu-zoo li tus detachment. Cov pab pawg loj tshaj plaws ntawm ratites, suav nrog 47 hom muab faib ua 9 genera.
- Pab pawg neeg cassowaries, lossis Australian ostriches. Nws suav nrog ob tsev neeg. Qhov thib ib yog cassowary, sawv cev los ntawm ob hom, thiab qhov thib ob yog emu nrog ib hom ntawm tib lub npe.
Ntxiv rau, cov subclass ntawm ratites muaj peb qhov kev txiav txim ploj mus: epiornithes, lithornithes thiab moas.
Nuj Palatine Birds
Raws li cov noog tam sim no, cov subclass no muaj ntau tshaj plaws thiab suav nrog ntau dua 9,000 hom, thiab qhov no yog feem ntau ntawm cov noog niaj hnub no. Lawv lub ntsiab feature yog cov qauv ntawm lub palate,tsis muaj lwm yam txawv txawv. Keeled noog yog sawv cev los ntawm ob hom ya thiab flyless hom. Ib qho ntawm cov neeg sawv cev loj tshaj plaws yog ib tus neeg sawv cev nrog lub wingspan txog li 3.2 m. Thiab cov noog me tshaj plaws yog hummingbird. Thawj pob txha pob txha ntawm neopalates hnub rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm Cretaceous, i.e. kwv yees li 70 lab xyoo dhau los.
Cia peb sau 35 qhov kev txiav txim uas txawv los ntawm cov niaj hnub taxonomy tau txais los ntawm International Union ntawm Ornithologists. Nqaij qaib zoo li cov noog paub, yog tias tsis yog txhua tus, ces los ntawm ntau - qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov noog feem ntau. Feem ntau thiab ntau tus noog yog cov qaib hauv tsev. Lwm units:
- storks (dab teg);
- goation;
- Anseriformes;
- passerines;
- petrel-like (tube-nosed);
- pigeon;
- loons;
- bustoid;
- crane;
- ntoo pecker;
- cariamoid;
- cuckoo;
- qaib;
- tshis;
- pelicans (copepods);
- Madagascar cowgirls;
- grebes;
- parrots;
- mousebirds;
- Gannet;
- penguin;
- hornbills;
- charadriiformes;
- ribbed;
- Raksha;
- falconiformes;
- tshav ntuj;
- swift;
- turkey;
- owls;
- trogon-zoo li;
- phaeton-shaped;
- flamingos;
- hawks.
Lub Koom Haum Thoob Ntiaj Teb ntawm Ornithologists tsis lees paub qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm Asmeskas cov vultures txheeb xyuas los ntawm ntau tus kws sau se niaj hnub no. Nws raug suav hais tias yog tsev neeg ntawm tib lub npe, koom nrog hawks.
