Chemistry yog ib qho kev nthuav dav thiab nyuaj heev. Nws cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus tuaj hla rau peb hauv lub neej niaj hnub, thiab nws tsis yog ib txwm paub tseeb tias lawv txhais li cas thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus yog dab tsi. Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus no yog solubility. Lo lus no tau siv dav hauv txoj kev xav ntawm kev daws teeb meem, thiab hauv lub neej niaj hnub peb ntsib nws txoj kev siv vim tias peb nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem tib yam. Tab sis nws tsis yog ntau heev ntawm kev siv lub tswv yim no uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb, tab sis lub cev phenomena uas nws denotes. Tab sis ua ntej yuav mus rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm peb zaj dab neeg, cia peb ceev ceev mus rau lub xyoo pua puv 19, thaum Svante Arrhenius thiab Wilhelm Ostwald tsim txoj kev xav ntawm electrolytic dissociation.
History
Kev kawm txog kev daws teeb meem thiab solubility pib nrog lub cev txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib cais. Nws yog qhov yooj yim to taub, tab sis dhau los ua ntej thiab coincides nrog kev muaj tiag hauv qee lub sijhawm. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev xav no yog tias cov kuab tshuaj, nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj, decomposes rau hauv cov nqi hu ua ions. Nws yog cov khoom no uas txiav txim siab cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj thiab qee yam ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev, suav nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab kub kub, qhov chaw melting thiab crystallization point.
Tab sis muaj ntau ntxivcomplex theories uas xav txog ib qho kev daws teeb meem raws li ib qho system uas cov khoom sib cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg thiab tsim cov solvates - ions ncig los ntawm dipoles. Ib tug dipole yog, feem ntau, ib tug nruab nrab molecule, cov ncej uas yog oppositely them. Lub dipole feem ntau yog cov kuab tshuaj molecule. Tau txais mus rau hauv cov tshuaj, cov tshuaj yaj yaj decomposes rau hauv ions, thiab cov dipoles yog attracted rau ib qho ion los ntawm qhov oppositely them kawg ntawm kev hwm rau lawv, thiab rau lwm yam ions los ntawm lwm yam oppositely them kawg, feem. Yog li, cov solvates tau txais - cov molecules nrog lub plhaub ntawm lwm cov molecules nruab nrab.
Tam sim no cia peb tham me ntsis txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lawv tus kheej thiab ua tib zoo saib lawv.
Kev daws teeb meem
Qhov tsim ntawm cov khoom no tuaj yeem piav qhia ntau yam tshwm sim uas tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia siv cov kev xav classical ntawm kev daws teeb meem. Piv txwv li, thermal nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dissolution. Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm Arrhenius txoj kev xav, nws yog ib qho nyuaj hais tias yog vim li cas, thaum ib yam khoom yog yaj nyob rau hauv lwm yam, cua sov yuav absorbed thiab tso tawm. Yog lawm, siv lead ua lattice raug rhuav tshem, thiab yog li ntawd lub zog yog siv thiab cov tshuaj txias, los yog tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm lwj vim lub zog ntau dhau ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj. Tab sis nws hloov tawm los ua tsis yooj yim sua kom piav qhia qhov no los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm classical, txij li kev rhuav tshem mechanism nws tus kheej tseem tsis nkag siab. Thiab yog hais tias peb siv cov tshuaj txoj kev xav ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem, nws yuav pom tseeb tias cov kuab tshuaj molecules, wedged mus rau hauv lub voids ntawm lub lattice, rhuav tshem nws los ntawm sab hauv, zoo li yog "cuam tshuam"ions los ntawm ib leeg los ntawm lub plhaub kev daws teeb meem.
Nyob rau ntu tom ntej, peb yuav saib seb qhov solubility yog dab tsi thiab txhua yam ntsig txog qhov zoo li qhov yooj yim thiab qhov xav tau ntau.
Lub tswvyim ntawm kev solubility
Nws yog intuitive nkaus xwb uas solubility qhia tau hais tias zoo npaum li cas cov khoom dissolves nyob rau hauv ib qho hnyav hnyav. Txawm li cas los xij, peb feem ntau paub me ntsis txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib cais ntawm cov tshuaj. Yog vim li cas, piv txwv li, chalk tsis yaj nyob rau hauv dej, thiab lub rooj ntsev - vice versa? Nws yog txhua yam hais txog lub zog ntawm cov ntawv cog lus hauv cov molecule. Yog tias cov ntawv cog lus muaj zog, ces vim li no, cov khoom no tsis tuaj yeem sib cais rau hauv ions, yog li ua kom puas cov siv lead ua. Yog li ntawd, nws tseem insoluble.
Solubility yog ib qho kev ua kom muaj nuj nqis uas qhia tias qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov ntsiab lus yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm solvated hais. Nws tus nqi nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj. Solubility nyob rau hauv dej rau cov khoom sib txawv yog txawv, nyob ntawm seb lub bonds ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule. Cov khoom nrog covalent bonds muaj qhov solubility qis tshaj plaws, thaum cov khoom uas muaj ionic bonds muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws.
Tab sis nws tsis yog ib txwm ua tau kom nkag siab qhov twg solubility loj thiab qhov twg me. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv nqe lus tom ntej, peb yuav tham txog dab tsi solubility ntawm ntau yam tshuaj nyob rau hauv dej yog dab tsi.
Kev sib piv
Muaj ntau cov kuab tshuaj nyob rau hauv qhov. Muaj ntau lwm yam tshuaj uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm dhau los thaum qee yam mob tau mus txog, piv txwv li, qee yamaggregate xeev. Nws paub meej tias yog tias koj sau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev solubility nyob rau hauv ib leeg ntawm txhua khub ntawm "solute - hnyav", nws yuav tsis txaus rau ib tug nyob mus ib txhis, vim hais tias cov kev sib txuas yog loj. Yog li ntawd, nws thiaj li tshwm sim hais tias nyob rau hauv peb ntiaj chaw dej yog lub universal hnyav thiab tus qauv. Lawv tau ua li no vim nws muaj ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.
Yog li, lub rooj dej solubility tau muab tso ua ke rau ntau pua thiab txhiab yam khoom. Peb txhua tus tau pom nws, tab sis nyob rau hauv luv luv thiab nkag siab ntau dua version. Cov hlwb ntawm lub rooj muaj cov tsiaj ntawv uas qhia txog cov khoom soluble, insoluble lossis me ntsis soluble. Tab sis muaj ntau lub rooj tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg uas tau kawm txog chemistry. Nws qhia tus lej pes tsawg tus nqi ntawm solubility hauv grams ib liter ntawm kev daws.
Tam sim no cia peb tig mus rau txoj kev xav ntawm ib yam li solubility.
Solubility Chemistry
Yuav ua li cas cov txheej txheem kev tshem tawm nws tus kheej tshwm sim, peb twb tau txheeb xyuas hauv ntu dhau los. Tab sis yuav ua li cas, piv txwv li, sau nws tag nrho raws li qhov tshwm sim? Txhua yam tsis yooj yim li no. Piv txwv li, thaum cov kua qaub yaj, hydrogen ion reacts nrog dej los tsim ib hydronium ion H3O+. Yog li, rau HCl, qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav zoo li no:
HCl + H2O =H3O+ + Cl-
Lub solubility ntawm ntsev, nyob ntawm lawv cov qauv, kuj yog txiav txim los ntawm nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Hom tom kawg nyob ntawm tus qauv ntawm cov ntsev thiabbonds nyob rau hauv nws cov molecules.
Peb tau paub yuav ua li cas sau cov duab kos cov dej ntsev hauv dej. Tam sim no nws yog lub sijhawm rau kev siv tswv yim.
Daim ntawv thov
Yog tias koj sau cov xwm txheej thaum xav tau tus nqi no, txawm tias ib puas xyoo txaus. Indirectly, siv nws, koj tuaj yeem xam lwm qhov ntau uas tseem ceeb heev rau kev kawm txog kev daws teeb meem. Yog tsis muaj nws, peb yuav tsis tuaj yeem paub qhov tseeb ntawm cov tshuaj, nws cov haujlwm, peb yuav tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas seb cov tshuaj puas yuav kho tau tus neeg lossis tua (tom qab tag nrho, txawm tias dej yuav ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj heev).
Ntxiv rau kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub hom phiaj tshawb fawb, kev nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm solubility kuj tseem tsim nyog hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Tseeb tiag, qee zaum nws yuav tsum tau npaj, hais, supersaturated tov ntawm ib yam khoom. Piv txwv li, qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog kom tau txais cov kua ntsev ntsev rau tus me nyuam cov ntawv ua tom tsev. Paub txog kev solubility ntawm ntsev hauv dej, peb tuaj yeem yooj yim txiav txim siab ntau npaum li cas nws yuav tsum tau nchuav rau hauv lub nkoj kom nws pib los nag thiab tsim cov muaju los ntawm qhov ntau dhau.
Ua ntej peb yuav xaus peb qhov kev mus ncig luv luv rau hauv chemistry, cia peb tham txog ob peb lub tswv yim ntsig txog solubility.
Dab tsi txaus ntshai?
Nyob rau hauv peb lub tswv yim, yog tias koj tau mus txog ntu no, tej zaum koj twb to taub tias solubility tsis yog ib qho tshuaj txawv txawv xwb. Nws yog lub hauv paus rau lwm qhov ntau. Thiab ntawm lawv: concentration, kev ua si, dissociation tas li, pH. Thiab qhov no tsis yog ib daim ntawv teev tag nrho. Koj yuav tsum tau hnov tsawg kawg ib qholos ntawm cov lus no. Yog tias tsis muaj qhov kev paub txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev daws teeb meem, kev kawm uas pib nrog solubility, peb tsis tuaj yeem xav txog chemistry niaj hnub thiab physics. Dab tsi yog physics ntawm no? Qee lub sij hawm physicists kuj cuam tshuam nrog cov kev daws teeb meem, ntsuas lawv cov conductivity, thiab siv lawv cov khoom rau lawv tus kheej xav tau.
Zoo kawg
Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no peb tau paub txog cov tswv yim tshuaj xws li solubility. Qhov no yog tej zaum cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb heev, vim peb feem ntau tsis to taub qhov tob ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm kev daws teeb meem yam tsis muaj lub siab xav dhia mus rau hauv nws txoj kev kawm kom ntxaws. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem ceeb heev rau kev cob qhia koj lub hlwb los ntawm kev kawm qee yam tshiab. Tom qab tag nrho, ib tug neeg yuav tsum "kawm, kawm thiab kawm dua" tag nrho nws lub neej.
