Cia peb tham txog yuav ua li cas txiav txim siab qhov xwm txheej ntawm oxide. Cia peb pib nrog qhov tseeb tias txhua yam tshuaj feem ntau muab faib ua ob pawg: yooj yim thiab complex. Cov ntsiab lus tau muab faib ua hlau thiab tsis yog hlau. Complex compounds muab faib ua plaub chav kawm: bases, oxides, ntsev, acids.
Definition
Vim qhov xwm txheej ntawm oxides nyob ntawm lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, ua ntej cia peb txhais cov chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic. Oxides yog cov tshuaj complex uas muaj ob lub ntsiab lus. Lawv peculiarity yog tias oxygen yeej ib txwm nyob hauv cov mis raws li qhov thib ob (kawg) lub caij.
Qhov kev xaiv tshaj plaws yog kev cuam tshuam nrog oxygen ntawm cov khoom yooj yim (hlau, tsis yog hlau). Piv txwv li, thaum magnesium reacts nrog oxygen, magnesium oxide tsim, uas nthuav tawm cov yam ntxwv yooj yim.
Nomenclature
Qhov xwm txheej ntawm oxides nyob ntawm lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Muaj qee txoj cai uas cov tshuaj no muaj npe.
Yog tias cov oxide yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau ntawm cov pab pawg loj, qhov valency tsis qhia. Piv txwv li, calcium oxide CaO. Yog hais tias cov hlau ntawm ib pawg zoo sib xws, uas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, yog thawj zaug hauv qhov sib xyaw, ces nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua.qhia los ntawm Roman tus lej. Muab tso rau tom qab lub npe kev sib txuas hauv kab lus. Piv txwv li, muaj oxides ntawm hlau (2) thiab (3). Thaum sau cov qauv ntawm oxides, ib tug yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov sib npaug ntawm cov oxidation hauv nws yuav tsum sib npaug rau xoom.
Kev faib tawm
Cia peb xav seb qhov xwm txheej ntawm oxides nyob ntawm qib ntawm oxidation. Cov hlau muaj oxidation lub xeev ntawm +1 thiab +2 tsim oxides yooj yim nrog oxygen. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tebchaw no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov oxides. Xws li cov tebchaw nkag mus rau hauv tshuaj lom neeg sib cuam tshuam nrog ntsev-tsim oxides ntawm non-metals, ua ntsev nrog lawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov oxides yooj yim teb nrog cov kua qaub. Cov khoom ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam yog nyob ntawm tus nqi uas cov tshuaj pib tau noj.
Tsis yog-hlau, nrog rau cov hlau nrog oxidation xeev ntawm +4 txog +7, tsim acidic oxides nrog oxygen. Qhov xwm ntawm oxides qhia kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov hauv paus (alkalis). Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam yog nyob ntawm tus nqi uas thawj zaug alkali raug coj mus. Nrog nws qhov tsis muaj peev xwm, cov kua qaub ntsev yog tsim los ua cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm carbon monoxide (4) nrog sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate (acid ntsev) yog tsim.
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov kua qaub oxide nrog ntau tshaj ntawm alkali, cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav yog cov ntsev nruab nrab (sodium carbonate). Qhov xwm ntawm acidic oxides nyob ntawm qhov degree ntawm oxidation.
Lawv muab faib ua ntsev-tsim oxides (nyob rau hauv uas lub xeev oxidation ntawm lub caij yog sib npaug zos rau cov pab pawg neeg tooj), thiab indifferent.oxides uas tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov ntsev.
Amphoteric oxides
Muaj ib qho amphoteric xwm ntawm cov khoom ntawm oxides. Nws lub ntsiab lus yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tebchaw nrog ob qho tib si acids thiab alkalis. Dab tsi oxides nthuav tawm dual (amphoteric) cov khoom? Cov no suav nrog binary compounds ntawm cov hlau nrog lub xeev oxidation ntawm +3, nrog rau oxides ntawm beryllium, zinc.
Txoj kev tau txais
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev kom tau txais oxides. Qhov kev xaiv tshaj plaws yog kev cuam tshuam nrog oxygen ntawm cov khoom yooj yim (hlau, tsis yog hlau). Piv txwv li, thaum magnesium reacts nrog oxygen, magnesium oxide tsim, uas nthuav tawm cov yam ntxwv yooj yim.
Tsis tas li ntawd, oxides kuj tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom nyuaj nrog cov pa oxygen molecular. Piv txwv li, thaum hlawv pyrite (hlau sulfide 2), ob oxides tau ib zaug: sulfur thiab hlau.
Lwm qhov kev xaiv kom tau txais oxides yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm decomposition ntawm ntsev ntawm oxygen-muaj cov kua qaub. Piv txwv li, qhov decomposition ntawm calcium carbonate tuaj yeem tsim carbon dioxide thiab calcium oxide (quicklime).
Basic thiab amphoteric oxides kuj tsim thaum lub sij hawm decomposition ntawm insoluble bases. Piv txwv li, thaum hlau (3) hydroxide yog calcined, hlau (3) oxide yog tsim, nrog rau cov dej vapor.
Zoo kawg
Oxides yog ib chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic nrog kev siv dav hauv kev lag luam. Lawv siv hauv kev tsim kho, kev lag luam tshuaj, tshuaj.
Ntxiv rau, amphoteric oxides feem ntau sivnyob rau hauv cov organic synthesis li catalysts (accelerators ntawm chemical processes).
