Tungsten oxide yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov refractory tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm inorganic tshuaj. Txhawm rau ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau, cia peb txheeb xyuas qhov zoo ntawm cov hlau nws tus kheej.
Ntse ntawm tungsten
Kom nkag siab txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tungsten oxide, peb nco ntsoov tias cov hlau nws tus kheej muaj hluav taws xob tsis kam, coefficient ntawm linear expansion, thiab lub siab melting point.
Ntshiab tungsten muaj ductility siab. Cov hlau yuav yaj hauv cov kua qaub tsuas yog thaum rhuab mus rau qhov kub ntawm 5000 o C. Nws reacts nrog carbon, tsim tungsten carbide ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv khoom. Qhov sib koom ua ke yog qhov ruaj khov heev.
Cov tungsten oxide feem ntau yog tungsten anhydride. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm cov tshuaj compound yog lub peev xwm los txo cov hmoov rau hlau, tsim cov oxides qis raws li los ntawm cov khoom.
Cov hlau yog tus cwj pwm siab los ntawm kev ntom ntom ntom ntom, brittleness thiab muaj peev xwm los ua tungsten oxide ntawm tsawg kub.
tungsten alloys
Cov kws tshawb fawb txheeb xyuas ib theem ntawm cov alloys, uas suav nrogmuaj ib lossis ntau lub ntsiab lus. Lub npe nrov tshaj plaws ntawm tungsten nrog molybdenum. Alloying cov hlau nrog molybdenum nce lub zog tensile ntawm tungsten.
Ib-theem alloys yog cov tebchaw: tungsten - zirconium, tungsten - hafnium, tungsten - niobium. Rhenium muab qhov siab tshaj plaws plasticity rau tungsten. Nws qhov sib ntxiv tsis cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau refractory.
Tau hlau
Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tau cov alloys ntawm refractory tungsten nyob rau hauv ib txwm txoj kev: mus txog lub melting point, cov hlau instantly dhau mus rau hauv ib tug gaseous daim ntawv. Lub ntsiab kev xaiv kom tau txais cov hlau ntshiab yog electrolysis. Hauv kev lag luam ntim, hmoov metallurgy yog siv kom tau txais tungsten alloys. Ua li no, tsim cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb uas siv lub tshuab nqus tsev.
Nyob hauv ntuj
Tungsten oxide, uas nws cov mis yog WO3, yog hu ua lub siab tshaj plaws. Nws tsis tshwm sim hauv cov xwm txheej hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, tab sis yog ib feem ntawm tungsten ores. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev rho tawm thiab ua cov hlau refractory muaj ntau theem.
Ntau dua tungsten oxide cais tawm ntawm cov ore loj. Tom ntej no, lub compound yog enriched, thiab tom qab ua tiav, ntshiab hlau yog cais.
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm ua nyias tungsten hlau, yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kom tshem tawm impurities tag. Txwv tsis pub, cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom tiav yuav raug txo kom tsawg.
Spheres ntawm kev siv tungsten
Yuav ua li cas rov qab tungsten oxide? Hydrogen interacting nrog cov compound no pab kom tau ib tug ntshiab hlau. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov filaments, X-ray raj, cua sov thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev cov ntxaij vab tshaus, uas yog tsim los siv rau qhov kub thiab txias.
Steel, uas tungsten yog cov khoom siv alloying, muaj lub zog muaj zog. Cov khoom ua los ntawm xws li ib tug alloy yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov cuab yeej kho mob, txiav daim hlau rau drilling qhov. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm kev sib txuas yog tsis kam mus rau mechanical deformation.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab nrib pleb thiab chips tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom tiav yog qhov tsawg. Cov qib steel nrov tshaj plaws, uas suav nrog tungsten, suav tias yog yeej.
Cov seem ntawm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj no yog siv los tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo, txhua yam xim, cov xim tshwj xeeb, thiab lwm yam. Hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub nuclear, tungsten crucibles thiab ntim rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau siv dav.
Refractoriness ntawm hlau plays lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv arc vuam. Txij li thaum tungsten nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab yog suav hais tias yog ib qho tsis tshua muaj hlau, kom tau txais nws, cov txheej txheem rau enrichment thiab ua cov tungsten ore yog nqa tawm. Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, nws muaj ib lub teeb grey xim nrog ib tug yam ntxwv metallic sheen. Txheem tungsten alloys, hu ua stellites, kuj suav nrog cob alt thiab chromium. Cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv cov tebchaw no yog cob alt. Cov hlau nplaumnyob rau hauv kev thov nyob rau hauv mechanical engineering.
Tungsten oxides
Dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tungsten oxide (6), cov qauv uas yog WO3? Cov hlau muaj peev xwm ua kom pom qhov sib txawv ntawm oxidation: qhov siab tshaj plaws stability muaj kev xaiv nrog hlau valence (4) thiab (6). Thawj qhov sib xyaw ntawm hom WO2 belongs rau acidic oxides thiab muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no: siab melting point thiab tshwj xeeb ntom. Cov tshuaj no yuav luag insoluble hauv dej, tab sis thaum rhuab, nws muaj peev xwm yaj nyob rau hauv acids thiab alkalis. Hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, nws yog siv los ua ib qho catalyst hauv qee qhov kev xav. Piv txwv li, lub compound WO2 yog siv los tsim cov khoom siv ceramic.
Tungsten oxide, muaj qhov muaj txiaj ntsig (6), kuj pom cov yam ntxwv acidic. Cov tshuaj no reacts nrog alkalis, tab sis tsis muaj peev xwm yaj hauv dej. Muab hais tias cov compound muaj lub siab melting point, nws tsuas yog siv los ua ib qho accelerator ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj.
Zoo kawg
Nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm inorganic chemistry, tshwj xeeb yog them rau kev kawm ntawm oxides, kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm lawv cov khoom thiab peculiarities ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv kev lag luam. Piv txwv li, ntawm qhov kev xeem zaum kawg, cov tub ntxhais kawm qib cuaj tau muab cov haujlwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no: "Ua cov qauv rau oxides ntawm tooj liab, hlau, tungsten, thiab tseem txiav txim siab lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg yooj yim."
Yuav kom ua tiav txoj haujlwm, nws yuav tsum muaj lub tswv yim txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm oxides. Xws lixav txog binary tebchaw uas lub ntsiab thib ob yog oxygen. Tag nrho cov oxides feem ntau muab faib ua peb pawg: yooj yim, acidic, amphoteric.
Hlau thiab tooj liab yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm pab pawg thib ob, yog li lawv tuaj yeem pom qhov muaj txiaj ntsig sib txawv. Rau tooj liab, tsuas yog ob qhov sib txawv ntawm oxides tuaj yeem sau tau uas nthuav tawm cov khoom yooj yim - Cu2O thiab CuO.
Hlau tsis nyob hauv pawg loj ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, yog li ntawd, oxidation xeev +2 thiab +3 tshwm sim. Hauv cov xwm txheej no, oxides ntawm hom hauv qab no yog tsim - FeO thiab Fe2O3.
Tungsten nyob rau hauv binary tebchaw nrog oxygen nyob rau hauv feem ntau qhia valencies (4) thiab (6). Ob lub oxides ntawm cov hlau no nthuav tawm cov kua qaub, yog li lawv tau siv hauv kev lag luam ua cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg.
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov tungsten oxides yog cais cov hlau ntshiab ntawm lawv, uas yog xav tau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj thiab metallurgical.
