Txoj kev tsis yog lus ntawm kev tsim cov lus txawv ntawm lwm tus. Qhov no qhia meej meej hauv cov lus piav qhia.
Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw tsis muaj dab tsi hais txog nws, nws tsis yog cais tawm raws li kev ywj pheej ntawm kev tsim cov lus. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm qhov kev xeem, kev paub txog nws txoj kev yog yuav tsum tau. Yog li ntawd, yuav tsum paub txog nws. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua tus neeg kawm tiav ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv yuav tsum tuaj yeem nrhiav cov lus hauv cov ntawv uas tau tsim los ntawm txoj kev tsis yog lus. Koj yuav tsum pib tsim cov txuj ci no los ntawm kev xyaum ua cov lus sib piv.
Derivational analysis
Tsim tawm raws li kev npaj uas txiav txim siab:
- lo lus lexical txhais li cas?
- Lo lus twg yog tsim?
- Yuav ua li cas nrog?
- Nws tsim li cas?
Yog koj parse lo lus "tsim", ces koj yuav tsum teb cov lus nug saum toj no:
- Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus yog "lub xeev ntawm kev ntsiag to".
- Los ntawm lo lus "silence".
- Kev txiav txim siab.
- Suffix-free way.
Yog li, peb txheeb xyuas cov lus los ntawm cov lus muab hauv daim duab:
"smooth" - smooth - gla [d´] - tsis yog-suffix
"Vajtswv" - God - god[th']a - suffixal
"grace" - grace - grace [t´] - non-suffix
Raws li koj pom, tsis yog txhua lo lus uas tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus raug tsim los ntawm kev txiav cov lus no.
Suffix-free way of word formation
Ntawm no yog lo lus tsim nrog xoom suffix. Qhov no txhais li cas?
Zoo suffix yog ib qho lus tom qab uas tsis tau hais tawm hauv kev hais lus lossis sau ntawv, tab sis nws qhov tsis tuaj yeem yog qhov tseem ceeb - nws tsim cov lus tshiab lossis hom lus.
Cov lus xaus tuaj yeem txhais tau los ntawm Ø.
Piv txwv li, nrog kev pab ntawm xoom cov lus xaus, cov lus raug tsim - kev tshaj lij: hauv ob sab phlu, tua. Ntau lo lus sib tham tau tsim nyob rau hauv no txoj kev: ntog, nres.
Cov lus zoo li no hauv peb lub sijhawm tau nthuav tawm sai sai hauv kev tshaj tawm: kev tsim, zoo, sib raug zoo, thiab lwm yam.
Cov lus uas tsim los ntawm txoj kev tsis yog lus feem ntau muaj lub ntsej muag lub ntsiab lus: huab, kiv cua, ua yeeb yam, tsis raws cai, thiab lwm yam.
Tsis txhob nkim lub zero formative suffix nrog xoom lo lus-formative suffix.
Txoj kev xoomsuffix
Tsuas yog cov lus qhia muaj cov lus xaus thiab nws ua haujlwm los tsim cov lus qhia:
- yav tas los txiv neej: nqa - nqa Ø;
- xov xwm zoo: qhuav yuav qhuav Ø yuav;
- imperative: zaumØ.
Derivative zero suffix
Nws muaj cov lus tsim los ntawm txoj kev tsis yog lus. Feem ntau nws tshwm sim nrog cov npe, qee zaum nrog adjectives, numerals, adverbs.
Yuav muaj ob yam xwm txheej hauv qab uas Ø sawv tawm.
- yuav tsum muaj lub ntsiab lus - tsis yog xoom suffix: wilderness - deserted[ye];
- muaj lo lus deriving: roob moj sab qhua - lag ntseg, piv txwv li, lo lus "gam" tsis muaj ib lo lus tsim, lo lus no tsis yog derivative, nws tsis muaj suffix, txawm xoom.
Nouns with zero derivational suffixes
A suffix-free noun derived from
verb and has:
- lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev txiav txim: dhia - dhiaØ, taug kev - txavØ, khiav - khiavØ;
- lub ntsiab lus lossis lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm: nce - tua Ø, tsav - tus thawj cojØ, (thuav dej khov) - icebreakerØ, (steel cook) - steelmakerØ;
- lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm: cuam tshuam - cuam tshuam Ø, dej nyab - bay Ø, tsav nce - nkag Ø, hloov - thim Ø;
- lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib qho khoom lossis qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua: ntxiv - ncuav Ø, muab - khoom plig Ø, tshuab - tawg Ø;
adjective and has:
- lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub cim: nyob ntsiag to - ntsiag toØ, du - smoothnessØ, tob -tobØ;
- lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus neeg nqa khoom kos npe: ntse - intelligentØ, Kuril - Kurils, nkoj - nkojØ;
- lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus neeg ua yeeb yam: woe rau moo yog tus poj niam txom nyem, ua haujlwm yog tub qhe.
noun and has:
- meaning of poj niam creature: kum - kumØsha, hma - hma;
- collective meaning: dub - blackØ, overgrowth - overgrowthØ;
- Meaning of creatures by qhov chaw: sacristy.
Adjectives with xoom derivational suffixes
Cov lus ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus daim ntawv adjectives, uas tsis yog-suffix method yog siv, piv txwv yog muab hauv qab no:
from nouns:
- nrog lub ntsiab lus ntau: hnub ua haujlwm - hnub ua haujlwm, kub - kub;
- nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi: tsis muaj tus Tsov tus tw - tailless, tsis muaj taub hau - headless Ø th;
- nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus tswv: txiv - txiv, dav dawb hau - dav;
- los ntawm cov lus qhia nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev kos npe los ntawm kev ua: hu rau hauv - mus saib;
- los ntawm adjectives thiab adverbs nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug superior degree ntawm ib tug feature: hauv qab - inferior, iab - iab.
Tus lej nrog xoom derivational suffixes
Txoj kev tsis pub dhau los ntawm kev tsim tsis tshua siv rau cov lej, yog li muaj qee qhov piv txwv: tsib - thib tsib, rau - thib rau. Tag nrho cov lus no yog tsim los ntawm tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus: tus lej zoo yog tsim los ntawm tus lej ntau.
Adverbs with xoom derivational suffixes
Txoj kev tsis txaus ntseeg tsis tshua siv rau cov lus qhia:
- muaj pes tsawg lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv qee qhov adverbs tsim los ntawm txoj kev ua ntej: ua luam dej - ua luam dej Ø, hauv qab - nqes Ø;
- zero suffix forms co adverbs, nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub xeev: thov txim - SorryØ.
Cov lus uas feem ntau tsim los ntawm txoj kev tsis yog lus
Ntawm tag nrho cov lus tsim nrog kev pab ntawm xoom cov lus, cov npe muaj ntau dua hauv Lavxias dua li lwm cov lus. Nws yog lawv uas yog siv los ntawm cov compilers ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xeem los ntsuas kev paub ntawm cov kawm tiav. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los ua kom tiav lub ntsiab lus "Txoj kev tsis yog lus" nrog cov ntawv sau npe ntawm cov npe uas feem ntau pom hauv cov dej num ntawm USE thiab GIA.
"A"
analyze - tsom xam.
"B"
ntshuam - import; nkag - nkag; saib - saib; sigh - xyu; tshem tawm - tshem tawm; swipe swipe; ntsib - sib ntsib; sob - sob; pov tseg - pov tseg; dislocation - dislocation; tso zis - tso zis; cem- cem; exhale - exhale; hu - hu; qw tawm - qw; tso - tso tawm; txiav - txiav; sow - sowing; tua - tua; tso pa tawm - tso pa tawm; hais lus - kev ua haujlwm; rho - txiav tawm; tawm - tawm.
"D"
nqa - kev sib cav; pom zoo - kev pom zoo; ceeb toom - ceeb toom; speculate - speculation; qhia - denunciation; tso cai - nkag; tshuaj xyuas - tshuaj xyuas; Ntshai - Ntshai.
"E"
Ride - caij.
"3"
khiav - khiav; kom tau qhab-nees tua; khaws - laj kab; saib xyuas - saib xyuas; puv - txhaws; daim ntaub thaiv - daim ntaub thaiv; khib - khib; pib - cog; import - ntshuam; sunbathe - sunburn; khoov - khoov; tsav - corral; hu rau hauv - check in; clamp - ib tug clamp; xaj - xaj; yob li - xaj; stale - deposit; puv - bay; cog lus - cog lus; viav vias - viav vias; knead - knead; qhuav - drought; ringing - ringing.
"Thiab"
meander - twist, khoov - khoov; tawg - tawg; hloov - ntxeev siab; hnav - hnav; ntshuam - ntshuam; lees txim - lees txim; ntshai - ntshai; mus - qhov tshwm sim;
"K"
peck - peck; lus dag - hais lus phem; kua nplaum - kua nplaum; stigmatize - stigma; sau ntawv - abstract.
"L"
ntes - ntes; tawg - scrap.
"M"
wave - txav;
"N"
rau hu - teem; hang - canopy; cua sov - cua sov; endow - muab tso rau; saib xyuas - saib xyuas; kua muag - kua muag; nias - siab; yob - yob; boil - boil; qaij - qaij; ya nyob rau hauv - raid; ncuav - pouring; mus hint - ib tug hint; thov - thov; ntab - ib qho influx; loj hlob - loj hlob; hnav khaub ncaws - outfit.
"O"
defend - tiv thaiv; txiav - txiav; tawg - tawg; hnav khaub ncaws - ib rite; plhaub - shelling; piav - piav qhia; lean - kev txhawb nqa; teeb - ncej; interrogate - poll; orient - ib tug landmark; besiege - siege; nyem - nyem; teb - teb; guard - guard.
"P"
rau enumerate - enumeration; tawg - tawg; hloov - hloov; hloov - hloov; tawg - tawg; hla - hla; surf - nthwv dej; hloov - hloov; overspending - overspending; rov qab - rov qab; kho - kho; intercept - cuam tshuam; yeej - yeej; rov ua dua - rov ua dua; caum - caum; mow - mowing; npog - cover; nyeem - hwm; spare - kev hlub tshua; thaiv - ib qho thaiv; tos txais - nyob zoo; rau kab lus - kab lus; tuaj txog - tuaj txog; txais - txais, xaj - xaj; thov - pob tw; mix - impurity; nco - omen, spare - mercy, spin - yarn;
"R"
khiav - khiav; parse - parse;
"C"
xuav - xuav; khoov - quav; conspire - kev koom tes; hloov - hloov; mow - bevel; gnash - gnash; creak - lub teeb; yuav dhuav - dhuav; ya tawm - ya tawm; tawg - seem; hloov - hloov; mix - ib tug sib tov; saib - saib; to taub - lub ntsiab lus; equip – projectile;
"T"
xub - thab plaub; nres - nres; tshee - tshee; crack - crack.
U
ntxuav - tu; hlawv tawm - frenzy; pom zoo - kev pom zoo; hit - ntaus; muab - ntau; mus lay - txoj kev; prick - prick; tom - tom; ntes - pov thawj; them - them nyiaj; cem- cem; poob - kev puas tsuaj; pab - pab, poob - poob; ncaim - ncaim mus.
"X"
qhuas - qhuas; luag - luag; crunch - crunch.
"Sh"
rustling - rustling.
Suffixless method, piv txwv li tau muab los saum toj no,yog, raws li peb pom, ib qho tshwm sim ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus.
