Mikhailo Lomonosov, tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo Lavxias teb sab ntawm xyoo pua 18th, rov qab rau lub sijhawm qub tau muab lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov pob zeb no tshwm sim li cas. Namely: los ntawm seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag, zoo li peat, thee kuj originated. Nws txoj kev kawm, raws li Lomonosov, yog vim muaj ntau yam. Ua ntej, qhov seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag decomposed yam tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm "dawb huab cua" (uas yog, tsis muaj kev nkag tau dawb ntawm oxygen). Qhov thib ob, muaj kev kub ntxhov ntau dua. Thiab qhov thib peb, "lub nra ntawm lub ru tsev", uas yog, nce siab ntawm pob zeb, ua si nws lub luag haujlwm. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum ub, thaum tib neeg tseem tsis tau muaj nyob hauv ntiaj teb.
Cas of bygone day
Txawm li cas los xij, keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov thee yog kev lag luam ntawm xws licov hnub nyob deb, uas cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub tsuas tuaj yeem kwv yees thiab kev xav, piav qhia txog txheej txheem. Tab sis hnub no nws tau kawm heev heev. Thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov thee tshwm sim li cas (nws tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv ua ntej) paub txog science.
ntawm peat
Khib ntawm cov nroj tsuag siab dua maj mam tig mus rau hauv peat masses, uas sib sau ua ke hauv thaj chaw swampy thiab overgrow nrog lwm cov nroj tsuag, maj mam nkag mus rau hauv qhov tob. Nyob rau hauv ib tug tob, peatlands tas li hloov lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg (ntau complex compounds tig mus rau hauv ib tug yooj yim sawv daws yuav, tawg). Qee tus ntawm lawv tau yaj hauv dej thiab ntxuav tawm, thiab qee qhov dhau mus rau hauv lub xeev gaseous. Qhov no yog li cas methane thiab carbon dioxide tsim nyob rau hauv cov swamps, muab cov yam ntxwv tsw ntawm huab cua nyob rau hauv cov chaw deserted. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem no yog ua los ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntxiv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag tuag.
Carbons
Lub sijhawm dhau mus, nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov kho tsis tu ncua, qhov ruaj khov tshaj plaws hydrocarbon tebchaw sib sau hauv peatlands. Thiab txij li tag nrho cov saturation ntawm peat masses nrog hydrocarbons yog nqa tawm xyaum tsis muaj oxygen, carbon tsis tig mus rau hauv roj thiab tsis evaporate. Muaj kev sib cais ntawm huab cua nkag thiab ib txhij saturation nrog nce siab: thee yog tsim los ntawm peat. Nws tsim nyob rau ntau pua txhiab xyoo, cov txheej txheem no tsis yog sai heev! Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, feem ntau ntawm tam sim no reserves thiab thee seams originated nyob rau hauvPaleozoic, uas yog, ntau tshaj 300 lab xyoo dhau los.
Nws yog qhov nthuav: hom thee yog dab tsi?
- Lub loosest thiab yau tshaj ntawm txhua hom yog lignite (uas txhais tau tias "woody"). Cov seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab ntoo tseem pom nyob rau hauv nws. Yeej, lignite yog ntoo peat.
- Brown thee yog tsim nyob rau hauv seams nrog muaj zog decomposition ntawm cov nroj tsuag residues. Nws dag, raws li txoj cai, ntawm qhov tob ntawm ib mais. Tseem muaj cov kua dej ntau hauv nws (ntau tshaj 40%). Nws kub hnyiab tau zoo, tab sis ua kom sov me ntsis.
- Nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, thee pom nyob rau hauv qhov tob txog li peb kilometers. Nws tsim los ntawm cov pob txha xim av tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qee yam mob: thaum cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg nqes mus rau qhov tob tob thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm lub roob roob. Nyob rau ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev kub siab thiab tsis muaj oxygen, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov ntawm ib feem mus rau lwm qhov yog ua tiav. Cov thee no muaj ntau dua 75% carbon, hlawv zoo dua thiab muab cua sov ntau dua.
- Anthracite - thee ntawm ntau yam qub qub. Nws nyob ntawm qhov tob txog li tsib kilometers. Nws muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau dua thiab txawm tias tsawg dua noo noo (yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi). Nws tsis ignite zoo, tab sis lub tshav kub hloov yog siab tshaj ntawm tag nrho cov hom. Nyob rau hauv anthracite, qhov seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas nws originated yog xyaum undetectable. Cov thee no suav tias yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam mining.
Tab sis tsis yog tag nrho
Xwm decreed tias anthracite, nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej lub siab tshaj plaws thee nrogcov ntsiab lus carbon siab tshaj plaws (95 feem pua lossis ntau dua) tsis yog theem kawg ntawm kev hloov pauv uas tshwm sim nrog cov khoom seem hauv ib puag ncig. Shungite yog ib yam khoom uas tsim los ntawm cov thee nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav dua. Graphite tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias los ntawm tib yam khoom. Thiab yog tias koj ntxiv super-siab siab, ces lub pob zeb diamond yog tsim, cov khoom siv ruaj khov tshaj plaws uas muaj ob qho tib si kev lag luam thiab kev kos duab rau txhua tus tib neeg.
Tab sis nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov: oddly txaus, tag nrho cov zoo li txawv tshuaj - los ntawm cov nroj tsuag mus rau pob zeb diamond - yog tsim los ntawm carbon teeb meem, tsuas yog nrog ib tug txawv qauv ntawm molecular theem!
Kev kawm thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov thee nyuaj
Nws tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov thee rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam thiab feem ntau rau tib neeg kab lis kev cai hauv ntiaj teb. Thiab nws cov Scope yog dav heev. Tsis txhob hais txog qhov tseeb tias cov thee yog cov roj zoo heev uas siv los ua cua sov hauv tsev, cov cua sov rau hauv kev lag luam, tsim hluav taws xob, ntau yam khoom siv los ntawm tib neeg kuj tau muab rho tawm los ntawm cov thee. Sulfur thiab vanadium, zinc thiab lead, germanium - tag nrho cov no muab tib neeg cov ntxhia.
Coal yog siv rau melting hlau, steel, cam khwb cia hlau. Coal combustion khoom - nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov khoom siv tsev. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm cov pob txha, benzene tau txais los ntawm nws, uas yog siv los tsim cov kua roj vanish thiab cov kuab tshuaj, xws li cov khoom siv hauv tsev xws li linoleum. Los ntawm liquefied los ntawm cov cuab yeej tshwj xeebthee tuaj tawm kua roj rau cov tshuab. Thee yog raw khoom rau zus tau tej cov graphite thiab industrial pob zeb diamond, thiab nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ntau tshaj plaub puas khoom rau kev lag luam thiab cov kev pab cuam sector yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm no natural material.
Science at school: thee formation
Rau cov menyuam yaus, thaum dhau lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv cov chav kawm nruab nrab, nws raug nquahu kom tham hauv daim ntawv siv tau txog kev tsim cov thee hauv cov xwm txheej. Thov qhia tias tus txheej txheem no siv sijhawm ntev npaum li cas. Piav txog kev tsim cov thee luv luv, koj yuav tsum tau tsom mus rau nws qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam thiab kev vam meej hauv cov xwm txheej niaj hnub thiab keeb kwm, kos ib txoj kev npaj rau cov lus uas cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav ua lawv tus kheej.
