Thaum tham txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub voltaic arc, nws tsim nyog hais tias nws muaj qhov qis dua qhov hluav taws xob tawm thiab tso siab rau cov hluav taws xob thermionic ntawm cov hluav taws xob los ntawm cov hluav taws xob uas txhawb nqa lub arc. Hauv cov teb chaws uas hais lus Askiv, lo lus no suav tias yog qhov qub thiab tsis siv lawm.
Arc suppression cov tswv yim tuaj yeem siv los txo qis lub sijhawm arc lossis qhov yuav tshwm sim ntawm arcing.
Nyob rau xyoo 1800s, lub voltaic arc tau dav siv rau pej xeem teeb pom kev zoo. Qee qhov qis hluav taws xob arcs yog siv rau hauv ntau daim ntawv thov. Piv txwv li, fluorescent teeb, mercury, sodium thiab hlau halide teeb yog siv rau teeb pom kev zoo. Xenon arc teeb tau siv rau cov yeeb yaj kiab projectors.
Qhib lub voltaic arc
Qhov tshwm sim no ntseeg tau tias tau piav qhia thawj zaug los ntawm Sir Humphry Davy hauv 1801 tsab xov xwm luam tawm hauv William Nicholson's Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry thiab Arts. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshwm sim tau piav qhia los ntawm Davy tsis yog hluav taws xob arc, tab sis tsuas yog lub txim. Tom qab tshawb nrhiavsau hais tias: “Qhov no yog ib qho kev piav qhia tsis yog ntawm lub arc, tab sis ntawm lub txim. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm thawj zaug yog tias nws yuav tsum ua kom tsis tu ncua, thiab nws cov ncej yuav tsum tsis txhob kov tom qab nws tau tshwm sim. Lub txim uas tsim los ntawm Sir Humphry Davy tau meej meej tsis tas mus li, thiab txawm hais tias nws tseem raug them rau qee lub sijhawm tom qab kev sib cuag nrog cov pa roj carbon atoms, feem ntau yuav tsis muaj kev sib txuas ntawm arc, uas yog qhov tsim nyog rau nws qhov kev faib tawm raws li qhov hluav taws xob.
Nyob rau tib lub xyoo, Davy tau tshaj tawm rau pej xeem pom cov txiaj ntsig ua ntej Royal Society los ntawm kev hla cov hluav taws xob los ntawm ob qho tib si kov cov pas nrig thiab tom qab ntawd rub lawv mus deb deb. Qhov kev ua qauv qhia tau pom qhov "tsis muaj zog" arc, tsis yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm charcoal. Cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb tau muab nws lub roj teeb muaj zog dua ntawm 1000 daim phiaj, thiab xyoo 1808 nws tau pom qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub voltaic arc ntawm qhov loj. Nws kuj tseem suav nrog nws lub npe ua lus Askiv (hluav taws xob arc). Nws hu ua arc vim nws yuav siv lub hneev taw saum toj kawg nkaus thaum qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov electrodes los ze. Qhov no yog vim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov roj kub.
Lub voltaic arc tshwm li cas? Thawj qhov txuas txuas ntxiv tau sau tseg ntawm nws tus kheej hauv xyoo 1802 thiab tau piav qhia hauv 1803 tias yog "cov kua tshwj xeeb nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob" los ntawm Lavxias tus kws tshawb fawb Vasily Petrov, uas tau sim nrog 4,200-disc tooj liab-zinc roj teeb..
kawm ntxiv
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo, lub voltaic arc tau davsiv rau pej xeem teeb pom kev zoo. Qhov nyiam ntawm hluav taws xob arcs rau flicker thiab hiss yog ib qho teeb meem loj. Xyoo 1895, Hertha Marx Ayrton tau sau cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm hluav taws xob, piav qhia tias lub voltaic arc yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov pa nkag mus rau hauv cov pa roj carbon rods siv los tsim cov arc.
Xyoo 1899, nws yog thawj tus poj niam uas tau muab nws daim ntawv ua ntej Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Hluav Taws Xob (IEE). Nws tsab ntawv ceeb toom yog hu ua "Mechanism of the Electric Arc". Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, Ayrton tau raug xaiv los ua thawj tus poj niam tus tswv cuab ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob. Tus poj niam tom ntej no tau nkag mus rau hauv lub koom haum twb nyob rau hauv 1958. Ayrton tau thov kom nyeem ib daim ntawv ua ntej Royal Society, tab sis tsis raug tso cai ua li ntawd vim yog nws poj niam txiv neej, thiab Lub Tshuab Hluav Taws Xob tau nyeem los ntawm John Perry hauv nws tus kheej hauv 1901.
Kev piav qhia
Ib qho hluav taws xob arc yog hom hluav taws xob tawm nrog qhov ceev tshaj plaws tam sim no. Qhov siab tshaj plaws tam sim no kos los ntawm arc tsuas yog txwv los ntawm ib puag ncig, tsis yog los ntawm arc nws tus kheej.
Lub arc nruab nrab ntawm ob lub electrodes tuaj yeem pib los ntawm ionization thiab glow tawm thaum tam sim no los ntawm cov electrodes nce. Lub zog tawg ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm electrode yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub siab, qhov deb ntawm cov electrodes, thiab hom roj nyob ib puag ncig cov electrodes. Thaum lub arc pib, nws lub davhlau ya nyob twg voltage yog tsawg dua li ntawm lub ci tawm, thiab tam sim no siab dua. Ib qho arc hauv gases nyob ze atmospheric siab yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm pom lub teeb,high tam sim no ceev thiab kub. Nws txawv ntawm qhov ci ntsa iab nyob rau hauv qhov kub ntawm ob qho tib si electrons thiab zoo ions yog kwv yees li qub, thiab nyob rau hauv lub ci tawm, ions muaj thermal zog ntau dua li electrons.
Thaum welding
Ib qho txuas txuas ntxiv tuaj yeem pib los ntawm ob lub electrodes pib hauv kev sib cuag thiab sib cais thaum lub sijhawm sim. Qhov kev txiav txim no tuaj yeem pib qhov arc yam tsis muaj qhov hluav taws xob siab hluav taws xob tawm. Qhov no yog txoj kev uas tus welder pib welding qhov sib koom tes los ntawm tam sim ntawd kov lub vuam electrode rau lub workpiece.
Ib qho piv txwv yog kev sib cais ntawm cov hluav taws xob tiv tauj ntawm cov keyboards, relays lossis cov hluav taws xob tawg. Hauv cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab arc yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj.
Voltaic arc: yam ntxwv
Hluav taws xob tiv thaiv raws qhov txuas txuas ntxiv ua kom sov uas ionizes ntau cov roj molecules (qhov twg qib ntawm ionization yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias), thiab raws li qhov sib lawv liag, cov roj maj mam tig mus rau hauv lub thermal plasma uas nyob rau hauv thermal equilibrium. Raws li qhov kub thiab txias yog sib npaug faib rau tag nrho cov atoms, molecules, ions thiab electrons. Lub zog xa mus los ntawm cov electrons sai sai disperses nrog cov khoom hnyav dua los ntawm kev sib tsoo elastic vim lawv cov kev txav siab thiab cov lej loj.
Tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub arc yog txhawb los ntawm thermionic thiab teb emission ntawm electrons ntawm lub cathode. Tam sim notuaj yeem ua kom pom tseeb hauv qhov kub me me ntawm cathode - ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib lab amperes ib square centimeter. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub glow discharge, lub arc qauv yog ib qho nyuaj distinguishable, txij li thaum lub zoo kem yog heev ci thiab stretches yuav luag rau lub electrodes ntawm ob hnub. Lub cathode poob thiab anode poob ntawm ob peb volts tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm ib millimeter ntawm txhua electrode. Cov kab lus zoo muaj qhov qis qis qis thiab tej zaum yuav tsis pom nyob rau hauv luv luv arcs.
Low frequency arc
Tsawg zaus (tsawg dua 100 Hz) AC arc zoo li DC arc. Ntawm txhua lub voj voog, lub arc yog pib los ntawm kev tawg, thiab cov electrodes hloov lub luag haujlwm thaum tam sim no hloov cov kev taw qhia. Raws li qhov tam sim no zaus nce, tsis muaj sij hawm txaus rau ionization ntawm divergence nyob rau hauv ib nrab lub voj voog, thiab kev tawg tsis tas yuav tsum tau tswj lub arc - qhov voltage thiab tam sim no tus yam ntxwv ua ntau ohmic.
Ib qhov chaw ntawm lwm qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub cev
Cov duab sib txawv arc yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov qauv uas tsis yog-linear tam sim no thiab cov qauv hluav taws xob. Lub arc tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug gas-filled qhov chaw ntawm ob tug conductive electrodes (feem ntau tungsten los yog carbon), uas ua rau kub heev muaj peev xwm ntawm melting los yog vaporizing feem ntau cov ntaub ntawv. Ib qho hluav taws xob arc yog ib qho kev tawm mus tas li, thaum lub tshuab hluav taws xob zoo sib xws yog tam sim ntawd. Lub voltaic arc tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv DC circuits lossis hauv AC circuits. Hauv qhov kawg, nws tuaj yeemntaus txhua ib nrab-lub voj voog ntawm qhov tam sim no. Ib lub tshuab hluav taws kub sib txawv los ntawm qhov tsis txaus siab pom tau nyob rau hauv uas ceev tam sim no yog theej siab thiab qhov hluav taws xob poob qis hauv arc yog tsawg. Ntawm cathode, qhov ceev tam sim no tuaj yeem ncav cuag ib megaampere ib square centimeter.
Kev puas tsuaj muaj peev xwm
Cov hluav taws xob arc muaj qhov tsis sib xws ntawm qhov tam sim no thiab qhov hluav taws xob. Thaum lub arc tau tsim (txawm los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub teeb ci los yog los ntawm lub sijhawm kov cov electrodes thiab tom qab ntawd sib cais), qhov nce tam sim no ua rau qis qis ntawm cov arc terminals. Qhov kev tiv thaiv tsis zoo no yuav tsum muaj qee yam ntawm qhov zoo impedance (xws li hluav taws xob ballast) muab tso rau hauv Circuit Court kom muaj qhov ruaj khov arc. Cov cuab yeej no yog qhov ua rau tsis muaj kev tswj xyuas hluav taws xob arcs hauv lub tshuab ua kom puas tsuaj, vim tias thaum lub arc tshwm sim nws yuav kos ntau thiab ntau tam sim no los ntawm DC voltage qhov chaw mus txog thaum lub cuab yeej puas.
siv tswv yim
Ntawm qhov ntsuas kev lag luam, hluav taws xob arcs yog siv rau vuam, txiav plasma, hluav taws xob tawm machining, ua lub teeb arc hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab thiab hauv cov teeb pom kev zoo. Hluav taws xob arc rauv yog siv los tsim cov hlau thiab lwm yam khoom. Calcium carbide tau txais nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, txij li thaum ua tiav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv endothermic (ntawm qhov kub ntawm 2500 ° C) ntau npaum li cas.zog.
Carbon arc teeb yog thawj lub teeb hluav taws xob. Lawv tau siv rau txoj kev teeb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 thiab rau cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb xws li teeb pom kev mus txog thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II. Niaj hnub no cov hluav taws xob tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob arcs tau siv ntau qhov chaw. Piv txwv li, fluorescent, mercury, sodium thiab hlau halide teeb yog siv rau teeb pom kev zoo, thaum xenon arc teeb yog siv rau cov yeeb yaj kiab projectors.
Qhov tsim ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob hnyav, zoo li lub teeb me me arc, yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov khoom tawg. Thaum cov kws tshawb fawb kawm paub tias lub voltaic arc yog dab tsi thiab nws siv tau li cas, cov khoom tawg tau zoo tau ntxiv ntau yam riam phom hauv ntiaj teb.
Daim ntawv thov tseem ceeb yog qhov hluav taws xob siab hloov pauv rau kev sib txuas lus. Cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no kuj siv siab sulfur hexafluoride.
Zoo kawg
Txawm hais tias qhov zaus ntawm voltaic arc kub hnyiab, nws suav hais tias yog lub cev muaj txiaj ntsig zoo heev, tseem siv dav hauv kev lag luam, tsim khoom thiab cov khoom zoo nkauj. Nws muaj nws tus kheej zoo nkauj thiab feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab sci-fi. Kev swb ntawm voltaic arc tsis tuag.
