Raws li koj paub, iav peb siv hauv lub neej txhua hnub yog cov khoom siv dag zog. Tab sis nws muaj ib tug natural analogue - obsidian. Nws yog solidified volcanic lava los yog fused pob zeb. Nws yog obsidian uas tau siv los ntawm cov neeg thaum ub los ua ntau yam cuab yeej txiav, nrog rau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub.
Man-made iav, keeb kwm ntawm uas yuav tau tham hauv qab no, thaum xub thawj txawv me ntsis ntawm ntuj iav. Nws tsis muaj qhov zoo nkauj lossis pob tshab.
keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim iav: lus dab neeg thiab kev xav
Tus kws tshawb fawb thaum ub Pliny tus Txwj Laug hais hauv nws cov ntawv sau tias cov iav dag tau tshwm sim ua tsaug rau cov neeg taug kev uas ua zaub mov rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv thiab siv ib qho dej qab zib ntuj los ua qhov muag rau lub boiler. Hnub tom qab, pom ib lub iav crust nyob rau sab nrauv phab ntsa ntawm lub boiler. Pliny's hypothesis tsuas yog refuted nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua pov thawj tias nws tsis tuaj yeem yaj iav ntawm qhov qhib hluav taws. Txawm li cas los xij, twb tau ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los, cov neeg nyob hauv Ancient Egypt thiab Mesopotamia tau kawmyaj iav nyob rau hauv lub pits. Qhov kub nyob rau hauv cov khoom qub qub no tau siab txaus los tsim cov khoom tshiab los ntawm cov xuab zeb, lye thiab txiv qaub. Txawm li cas los xij, thawj tus neeg tsim iav feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm kev sib tsoo thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov tais diav.
Ancient technology
Keeb kwm ntawm iav hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej muaj ntau tshaj 4 txhiab xyoo. Dluab thiab artifacts pom nyob rau hauv lub tombs ntawm lub pharaohs muab lub tswv yim ntawm lub ancient txoj kev ntawm ntau lawm thiab saj nyiam ntawm cov neeg Iyiv. Yog li, iav yog Ameslikas siv los ua glaze rau cov tais diav. Lawv kuj tau ua cov hlaws, fwj thiab pendants los ntawm nws. Cov neeg Iyiv, tsis zoo li cov neeg nyob hauv Mesopotamia, nyiam iav opaque. Nws tau dyed nrog hlau oxides xiav, violet, daj thiab lwm yam xim. Tsuas yog cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe cov ntshav tuaj yeem them tau iav. Cov khoom me me tau ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv qab no: ib lub hauv paus av nplaum tau muab tso rau ntawm lub pas hlau, uas lub khob kub tau raug mob.
Cov loj tau ua li no: daim ntawv tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub khob loj thiab tig. Cov iav tau muab tso rau hauv ib txheej nyias ntawm cov phab ntsa thiab tawv, thiab cov pwm raug tshem tawm tom qab.
Evolution of production. Antiquity
keeb kwm ntawm iav (tib neeg tsim, tau kawg) tau tshwm sim hauv ntau lub tsev khaws khoom khaws cia. Xav txog cov khoom sau ntawm Egyptian antiquities, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias cov khoom qub tshaj plaws tsis yog qhov nyuaj. Cov ntsiab lus tau melted nyias thiab daig rau lub ntsiab ntim. Cov neeg Iyiv thiabxyaum ua cov mosaic (typesetting) iav, uas yog siv los kho cov rooj tog. Cov txheej txheem no tau txais thiab ua tiav los ntawm cov neeg Loos ob peb centuries tom qab. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis ntev ua ntej pib ntawm peb lub sijhawm, cov kws ua txuj ci ntawm Alexandria tau tsim lub iav tshuab raj. Nrog nws cov kev pab, ib tug npuas tau tshuab tawm ntawm lub kub huab cua thiab maj mam zoo li tus nrog ntau yam tshwj xeeb cov cuab yeej. Ntxiv nrog rau kev tshuab dawb, tshuab hauv matrix tau dhau los ua dav dav hauv ancient sij hawm. Qee lub sij hawm craftsmen siv ib tug complex ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, los ntawm uas lawv ces assembled cov khoom tiav. Txoj kev ua rau nws ua tau los tsim cov iav complex. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg Loos tau kawm yuav ua li cas glaze qhov rais. Antique qhov rais iav yog qhov hazy thiab nyias heev thiab tau cam khwb cia (tsuas yog) hauv cov pwm tiaj tus.
Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab thiab Renaissance. Kev ua tiav ntawm Venetians
Cov neeg Loos tau pab txhawb kev sib kis ntawm iav ua hauv Europe. Muaj tseeb, hauv zos (tshwj xeeb, Cologne) cov khoom lag luam tsis zoo rau sab hnub tuaj, tab sis German craftsmen invented daim iav. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws tsis ntau txawv los ntawm niaj hnub ib. Masters los ntawm Venice mus ntxiv. Lub keeb kwm ntawm iav hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej yog inconceivable yam tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm Venetians. Lawv lub hom phiaj ua haujlwm los txhim kho cov khoom ntawm cov khoom thiab ua tiav nws qhov tshwj xeeb pob tshab. Txoj cai ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tsim khoom hauv zos tau ua rau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo: cov siv lead ua hauv zos tau muaj nuj nqis heev hauv Tebchaws Europe.
Dhau li ntawm cov tais diav thiab daim iav, Venetian craftsmen ua lo ntsiab muag rau tsom iav thiab iav. Yuav luagib nrab ntawm lub nroog cov pejxeem tau ua haujlwm ua iav. Cov kev cob qhia txawm tau tsiv mus rau cov kob ntawm Murano kom tsis txhob muaj hluav taws kub hauv nroog thiab cov ntaub ntawv xau. Tau kawg, Venetians kuj muaj cov neeg sib tw, feem ntau yog Genoese artisans. Tab sis ib qho analogue ntawm Murano iav tau txais los ntawm tus neeg Askiv Askiv John Ravencroft tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua 17th.
keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm iav hauv Russia. Craft Development
Cov khoom kim no tuaj rau Russia los ntawm Byzantium. Nyob rau hauv Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, archaeologists tau unearthed rhiav ntawm glassmakers yos rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua 11th. Tab sis ob peb cov khoom muaj sia nyob, cov secrets ntawm craftsmanship ploj lawm. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau xav seb puas muaj ib tug Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm ntawm iav. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej, feem ntau tshwm sim hais tias ntau yam yuav tsum tau reinvented. Lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th (nyob rau hauv 1639), thaum lub Swede J. Koyet ua ib tsob nroj rau zus tau tej cov iav qhov rais thiab apothecary tais diav nyob ze lub peev. Peb caug xyoo tom qab, cov nroj tsuag Izmailovsky tau tsim. Cov khoom kim heev tau ua ntawm no, feem ntau zoo heev "kev lom zem" goblets qauv ntawm Venetian sawv daws.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, ob peb lub khob iav tau pib ua haujlwm nyob ib puag ncig ntawm St. Coloured iav tau reinvented. Cov khoom tau pleev xim nrog kub thiab nyiaj, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog pob tshab thiab opaque enamels.
Modern glassmaking
Nyob rau xyoo 18th thiab 19th, keeb kwm ntawm iav nyob rau hauv tib neeg keeb kwm tau zoo li los ntawm kev lag luam kiv puag ncig. Thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe, muaj kev txhim kho hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Tshiab furnaces tshwm sim, hloovtechnologies rau stretching thiab loj ua. Factories tau tsim, cov khoom uas tau tsom mus rau cov neeg layman, thiab tsis yog rau cov neeg kav. Hauv lwm lo lus, iav tau los ua. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ntau lub lag luam me tau ua haujlwm hauv nruab nrab Russia, tsim cov tais diav thiab daim iav. Muaj tseeb, lawv tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov kev xav tau loj zuj zus: qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom tuaj yeem tseem siab.
Xyoo 1959, British technologists tau tsim ib txoj hauv kev tshiab kom ncab thiab ncaj iav hauv da dej ntawm cov tin molten. Nws yog hu ua float method. Cov tshuab no, me ntsis modernized, kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub ntau lawm.
