Tib neeg muaj ntau txhiab xyoo. Tag nrho lub sijhawm no, peb cov poj koob yawm txwv tau sau cov kev paub thiab kev paub, tsim cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab masterpieces ntawm kos duab. Lawv ua yuam kev thiab nrhiav tau zoo heev. Peb yuav kawm li cas txog lawv lub neej? Peb puas tuaj yeem nqa qee yam tseem ceeb rau peb tus kheej, kom tsis txhob ua yuam kev tam sim no?
Tau kawg nws ua tau. Niaj hnub no muaj ntau yam kev tshawb fawb uas kawm cov ntaub ntawv. Wb nkag mus rau hauv cov ntsiab lus.
Kev txhais thiab kev faib tawm
Yog li, cov khoom siv yog txhua yam khoom siv uas muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau yam ntawm tib neeg lub neej thiab kev ua ub no. Txhua yam uas qhia txog cov txheej txheem keeb kwm tshwm sim tam sim no lossis yav dhau los, yog nws cov ntawv sau, cov khoom seem hauv tsev lossis tib neeg seem, tuaj yeem nqa cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau cov kws tshawb fawb.
Yog li, peb tau txiav txim siab qhov dav tshaj plaws ntawm lub tswv yim no. Tam sim no cia peb tham txog kev faib tawm kom tau txais kev txiav txim ntau ntxiv.
Thaum pib, daim duab yog qhov yooj yim heev: lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua phem, uas tau hloov los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm cov neeg phem, thiab tom qab - qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev vam meej. Txawm li cas los xij, xws li kev sib haum xeeb kev faib tawm tau tawg los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Lawv tawm ntawm qhov chaw tag nrhowedged nyob rau tom qab lub amazing sawv ntawm lub ancient xeev.
Hnub no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau nce siab mus rau kev faib cov kab lis kev cai hauv qab no. Muaj peb pawg tseem ceeb (txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj ntu ntu):
- Cov khoom siv, piv txwv uas yuav muab hauv qab no.
- Pictorial monuments - kos duab, duab, cim ntawm npib thiab ntau dua.
- Hais lus. Lawv muab faib ua qhov ncauj thiab sau. Cov qub yog kawm los ntawm ethnography.
Txoj haujlwm kom raug
Cov khoom siv yog ntau yam monuments, nrhiav, siv, nkauj thiab lus dab neeg. Yuav ua li cas nrog lawv thiab muab tso rau hauv ib qho system?
Txoj haujlwm li no dhau lub zog ntawm ib qho kev tshawb fawb lossis ib pawg neeg. Txhawm rau txhim kho cov kev taw qhia dav dav hauv kev txhim kho hauv zej zog, ntau qhov kev qhuab qhia raug tsim, uas peb yuav tau paub tom qab.
Yuav siv txoj hauv kev twg thaum kawm txog cov khoom siv? Cia peb pib nrog tib neeg yam. Txhua qhov tshwm sim yog ib txwm muab los ntawm prism ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev pom ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb lossis tus kws sau cov ntaub ntawv. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tau txais cov ntaub ntawv lub hom phiaj, tab sis tsuas yog lees paub lossis tsis lees paub lawv qhov kev kwv yees.
Txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm nrog cov peev txheej yog cov hauv qab no: tag nrho cov lus xaus tsuas yog tom qab kawm tag nrho cov kev tshawb pom, pov thawj, qhov tseeb. Koj tsis tuaj yeem nqa ib yam dab tsi tawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Tag nrho cov duab yog zoo li ib tug puzzle. Cia peb saib seb cov kev qhuab qhia twg koom nrog hauv kev tshawb fawb no.
Archaeology thiab Anthropology
Ob txoj kev tshawb fawb noua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws nrog cov khoom siv. Thawj ntawm lawv yog lub hom phiaj kom nkag siab txog kev hloov pauv ntawm tib neeg thiab tib neeg, los kawm txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim ntawm lub ntsiab spheres ntawm lub neej txij thaum pib ntawm ib puas xyoo mus txog rau tam sim no.
Anthropology cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm ntawm tus txiv neej nws tus kheej (haiv neeg, kab lis kev cai, kab lis kev cai thiab txoj hauv kev ntawm lub neej). Txawm li cas los xij, xws li kev ua haujlwm dav dav ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no muaj nyob hauv cov teb chaws ntawm Western ntiaj teb. Hauv CIS, qhov kev paub no suav nrog ntau qhov kev lag luam. Ntxiv nrog rau anthropology, ethnography thiab archaeology koom nrog ntawm no.
Tshwj xeeb, qhov kev tshawb fawb no, hauv peb txoj kev nkag siab, cuam tshuam ntau dua nrog kev hloov pauv thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev-spatial sib txawv ntawm lub cev ntawm tus neeg. Yog li cia wb coj nws mus ib txhis.
Archaeology yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm. Nws thaj chaw txaus siab suav nrog ntau pawg tshawb fawb:
- Kev daws teeb meem (qhov no kuj suav nrog cov tsev nyob). Lawv muab faib ua fortified (feem ntau hu ua settlements) thiab unfortified (cov zos). Cov no tuaj yeem yog lub nroog thiab fortresses, camps thiab ua liaj ua teb lossis khoom siv tes ua, cov tub rog camps thiab fortified castles.
Feem ntau ntawm cov monuments no zoo li qub, lawv tas li (thiab tau) nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, cov chaw pw hav zoov thiab lwm qhov chaw nyob ib ntus feem ntau tsis muaj tib qhov chaw. Yog li ntawd, lawv qhov kev tshawb pom feem ntau yog teeb meem ntawm lub sijhawm.
- Poob forts feem ntau pom los ntawm cov seem ntawm cov ramparts thiab phab ntsa. Feem ntau, feem ntau ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm ib tug archaeologist yuav siv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub archive. Nov yog cov ntaub ntawv hauv ntau qhov chaw sau - los ntawm cov lus dab neeg thiab epics mus rau cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev txawj ntse. Cov dab neeg, los ntawm txoj kev, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Troy tau tshawb pom los ntawm Heinrich Schliemann meej vim nws ua raws Homer's Iliad raws nraim.
- Qhov chaw tom ntej uas cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tau khaws cia zoo, oddly txaus, yog faus. Nyob rau hauv ib txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv lub qhuav cheeb tsam ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, tej yam khoom muaj peev xwm dag rau ntau txhiab xyoo thiab khaws lawv cov duab. Qhov chaw ntub dej yuav ua kom puas ntau yam khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, piv txwv li, qee hom ntoo ua petrified hauv dej.
Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub ntxa, archaeologists nrhiav tsis tau tsuas yog tsev neeg cov khoom ntawm ancient neeg, tab sis kuj muaj ntau yam hais txog kev ntseeg, rituals, kev sib raug zoo qauv ntawm haiv neeg, thiab hais txog.
- Tsis tas li ntawd, cov monuments suav nrog cov chaw ua koob tsheej (sanctuaries, tuam tsev) thiab kev cob qhia. Yog tias koj paub txhais cov kev tshawb pom, koj tuaj yeem tau txais ntau cov ntaub ntawv nthuav dav thiab tseem ceeb.
- Qhov kawg, tab sis tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb tsawg yog txoj hauv kev pom. Txhua yam - los ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis mus rau qhov yuam kev poob khawm - tuaj yeem qhia tus kws tshawb fawb txog yav dhau los.
Raws li peb tau pom lawm, feem ntau ntawm kev paub txog cov zej zog thaum ub yog cov khoom siv. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej tsis tas yuav ncav cuag peb lub sijhawm tsis zoo, yog li cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm feem ntau yuav tsum tau nrhiav kev pab los ntawm cov neeg tsim kho uas pab lawv rov qab zoo li qub ntawm cov khoom.
Ethnography
Nyob rau hauv Soviet era, nws yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb cais, tab sis niaj hnub no nws feem ntau suav hais tias yog ib feem ntawm anthropology. Nws yogkev tshawb fawb (ntau qhov tseeb, piav qhia) cov neeg hauv ntiaj teb. Cov ntaub ntawv uas anthropology ua haujlwm tsis yog cov khoom siv xwb. Piv txwv ntawm cov monuments intangible yog cov nkauj thiab cov dab neeg ntawm qhov ncauj. Hauv ntau pawg neeg, tsuas yog tsis muaj lus sau, thiab cov ntaub ntawv no tau dhau los ntawm niam txiv mus rau cov menyuam los ntawm lo lus ntawm qhov ncauj.
Yog li ntawd, cov neeg sau ntawv feem ntau ua haujlwm tsis yog cov kws tshawb fawb, tab sis yog cov neeg sau thiab khaws cov kev coj noj coj ua ntawm ntau haiv neeg hauv ntiaj teb. Yog tias koj saib cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Spanish thiab Portuguese ntawm 15th thiab 16th centuries, koj yuav xav tsis thoob. Ntau yam piav qhia thiab tshwm sim tsis muaj lawm.
Cov haiv neeg raug rhuav tshem, sib xyaw ua ke (uas txhais tau tias ib qho ntawm cov kab lis kev cai qub ploj mus). Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm globalization, qhov sib txawv ntawm tib neeg yog qhov muag plooj. Txawm hom lus tuaj yeem ploj mus. Thiab yog tias lawv tsis tau sau tseg, ces tsis muaj leej twg yuav paub txog lawv.
Dab tsi yog ethnography muab rau peb? Cov khoom siv yog dab tsi? Cov duab, suab kaw nkauj, yeeb yaj duab ntawm rituals, sau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ntau spheres ntawm tib neeg lub neej - tag nrho cov no yog kawm thiab muab piv.
Cov lus piav qhia zoo li no tau pib ua ntev dhau los, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb thaum ub lawv zoo li cov dab neeg uas muaj ntau qhov kev xav tsis txaus ntseeg. Thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog lig, cov kws tshawb fawb tshwm sim uas piv lub neej ntawm cov neeg thaum ub thiab lub neej ntawm cov pab pawg neeg nyob deb, piv txwv li, Indians, Australian Aborigines, Bushmen thiab lwm cov neeg yos hav zoov.
Nws hloov tawm tias los ntawm kev soj ntsuam lub neej ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm "pre-civilization" hauv nws txoj kev xav niaj hnub no, peb tuaj yeem pom tias kev sib raug zoo li cas hauv Pob Zeb, Tooj, Bronze, Hlau Hnub nyoog.
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog hauv tsev kawm ntawv nrog cov menyuam yaus lawv txheeb xyuas cov khoom siv (piv txwv). Qib 5 yog lub sijhawm los kawm txog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm koj cov neeg thiab maj mam txav mus rau cov ntaub ntawv dav dav txog kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg.
Cov ntaub ntawv loj thib ob uas peb tuaj yeem kos kev paub txog cov neeg thaum ub tau sau thiab kos cov khoom siv - duab, annals, memoirs, av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj, petroglyphs, hieroglyphs, birch bark.
Nws muaj peev xwm sau txoj hauv kev uas tib neeg siv los khaws cov ntaub ntawv ntev. Yog tsis muaj lawv, peb yuav tsis muaj lub tswv yim me ntsis ntawm cov xwm txheej yav dhau los. Qhov no tuaj yeem hais tau nrog kev ntseeg siab, txij li kev tshawb nrhiav archaeological yooj yim tsis tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv ntau npaum li muaj nyob hauv ib qho, txawm tias daim ntawv luv tshaj.
Ib qho ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb qub tshaj plaws uas tau nqis los rau peb yog qhov paub dav dav "History" ntawm Herodotus. Nws yog hnub tim ntawm lub xyoo pua tsib BC. Gaius Julius Caesar tau sau ib qho ntawm thawj qhov memoirs. Lawv lub npe yog "Notes on the Gallic War".
Tab sis feem ntau, biography thiab memoirs yog ntau yam ntxwv ntawm lub Renaissance.
Tau kawg, cov ntawv sau muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis kuj muaj qhov tsis zoo.
Ua ntej, cov ntaub ntawv hauv lawv cuam tshuam txog tsib txhiab xyoo ntawm tib neeg keeb kwm feem ntau. Yam dab tsi ua ntej yog tsis kho los yog tsis deciphered.
Thib ob - kev siab nyiam thiab kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb rau sab sauv sab sauv thaum yuav luag tsis quav ntsej cov tib neeg.
Thib peb - feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv qub tau paub rau peb hauv daim ntawvtranslations thiab transcribed luam. Unit originals. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntawv txais nyiaj tshiab yuav tsis xav tau. Tab sis tib neeg niaj hnub nrhiav cov khoom siv archaeological.
Cov kev kawm txuj ci uas kawm sau ntawv suav nrog ntau yam kev qhuab qhia. Thawj qhov tsim nyog hais txog yog paleography. Nws sau thiab decipers cov tsiaj ntawv thaum ub, fonts, thiab kev sau ntawv. Feem ntau, yog tias tsis muaj nws txoj kev siv zog, cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nrog cov ntawv zoo.
Kev tshawb fawb tom ntej yog numismatics. Nws ua hauj lwm nrog inscriptions ntawm npib thiab banknotes (subsection - bonistics). Papyrology yog kev kawm txog cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv papyrus scrolls.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntawv sau hauv tsev tau suav tias yog qhov kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws. Lawv luv luv thiab tsis muaj kev khav theeb lossis hais lus.
Yog li, peb tau tham nrog koj txog kev tshawb fawb uas kawm cov ntaub ntawv, lawv yog dab tsi, hom monuments muaj nyob, lawv ua haujlwm li cas. Tom ntej no, cia peb tham txog cov ntaub ntawv ntsig txog peb lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej - Ancient Greece, Rome thiab Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog.
Sau qhov chaw ntawm Ancient Greece
Raws li peb tau hais los saum no, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog yav dhau los muaj nyob hauv ntau yam khoom qub. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv tshaj plaws yog cov ntawv sau lossis cov ntaub ntawv.
Lub sijhawm qub txeeg qub teg feem ntau thiab Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws tshwj xeeb yog cim los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshawb fawb. Qhov pib ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb uas vam meej niaj hnub no yog cov hauv paus hauv lub sijhawm no.
Yog li, cov ntaub ntawv dab tsi ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Hellas peb paub?Peb yuav tham ncaj qha txog cov khoom hauv tsev me ntsis tom qab, thiab tam sim no peb yuav poob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Greek thaum ub.
Cov ntaub ntawv qub tshaj plaws yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Hecateus ntawm Miletus. Nws yog tus kws kos duab kos duab, piav qhia txog keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm nws lub nroog thiab cov nroog nyob sib ze uas nws tau hla. Tus thib ob tus neeg tshawb nrhiav paub peb yog Hellanicus ntawm Mytilene. Nws tej hauj lwm tau los rau peb nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv fragmentary thiab tsis muaj nuj nqis keeb kwm ntau. Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg sau npe, cov lus dab neeg thiab cov dab neeg feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev muaj tiag, thiab nws nyuaj rau cais lawv.
thawj tus kws sau keeb kwm ntseeg tau yog Herodotus. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 5 BC, nws tau sau ntau phau ntawv "History". Nws tau sim piav qhia vim li cas kev tsov rog ntawm Persians thiab Greeks pib. Ua li no, nws tig mus rau keeb kwm ntawm txhua haiv neeg uas yog ib feem ntawm cov tebchaws no.
Thucydides yog thib ob hauv kev txiav txim siab. Nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, nws sim qhia txog qhov ua rau, kev kawm thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm Peloponnesian Tsov Rog. Qhov zoo ntawm cov lus Greek no yog tias nws tsis tig mus rau "kev pab los saum ntuj los" los piav qhia vim li cas rau qhov tshwm sim, zoo li Herodotus. Nws taug kev mus rau qhov chaw nco, cov cai, tham nrog cov neeg koom thiab cov neeg ua pov thawj, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm sau tau ib txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb tiag tiag.
Yog li, cov ntaub ntawv sau tsis yog tsuas yog kev xav, kev xav txog kev xav lossis kev tshaj tawm nom tswv. Ntawm lawv, feem ntau muaj cov haujlwm ruaj khov.
Tom ntej no, peb yuav xav txog cov chaw qub txeeg qub teg ntawm lub sijhawm no.
Khoom kab lis kev cai ntawm Hellas
Hnub no, txoj kev kawm ntawm lub xeev thaum ub nyob hauv ib qho ntawm cov thawj cojntawm cov kev kawm hauv archaeology. Ntau lub tsev kawm qib siab pib kawm tim Nkij teb chaws thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thiab niaj hnub no muaj tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv Balkans mob siab rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem thiab kev tshawb fawb tob.
Tshaj ib puas xyoo no, kev paub ntau yam thiab cov ntaub ntawv tseeb tau sau tseg hauv keeb kwm ntawm Balkan txoj cai, xws li Delphi, Athens, Sparta, cov Islands tuaj thiab ntug dej hiav txwv Malaysia (Pergamum, Troy, Miletus).
Lavxias teb sab kws tshawb fawb tau kawm txog cov nroog nyob rau sab qaum teb Hiav Txwv Dub txij li lub sijhawm ntawm tebchaws Russia. Cov cai nto moo tshaj plaws yog Olbia, Panticapaeum, Tauric Chersonese, Tanais thiab lwm yam.
Ntau xyoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb, ntau cov khoom tau sau tseg - npib, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, riam phom, ntawv sau rau ntawm cov khoom tawv (pob zeb, av nplaum, pob zeb), seem ntawm cov qauv, thiab lwm yam.
Tag nrho cov khoom siv no nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws thaum ub cia peb xav txog txoj kev ntawm lub neej, lub neej, kev ua ub no ntawm Hellenes. Peb paub txog kev yos hav zoov thiab kev ua koob tsheej vim tias cov xwm txheej zoo li no feem ntau tau piav qhia ntawm cov nkoj. Los ntawm cov nyiaj npib ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab ntawm qee tus thawj coj, lub tsho ntawm caj npab ntawm lub nroog, kev sib raug zoo ntawm txoj cai.
Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntawv sau rau ntawm cov nkoj, tsev, tej yam kuj qhia ntau yam txog lub sijhawm ntawd.
Nrhiav ntsig txog lub ntiaj teb thaum ub (Egypt, lub xeev qub, Mesopotamia) yog ib qho zoo nkauj tshaj plaws. Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Rome, lub caij nyoog poob qis pib, thaum kev zoo nkauj tsis muaj nuj nqis ntxiv lawm, yog li qhov pib ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog tau cim los ntawm cov khoom coarser.
Tom ntej no peb yuav tham txog ib lub xeev muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum ub -Roman faj tim teb chaws.
Sau qhov chaw ntawm Ancient Rome
Yog cov neeg Greek tau nyiam ntau dua rau kev xav, kev xav, kev kawm, ces cov neeg Loos tau sib zog ua tub rog, kev kov yeej thiab hnub so. Tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob cov lus hais tias "khob cij thiab circuses" (xws li, lawv tau thov los ntawm cov plebs los ntawm huab tais) tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no.
Yog li, cov neeg hnyav thiab zoo li tsov rog no tau tso peb ntau yam khoom siv. Cov no yog cov nroog thiab txoj kev, cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab riam phom, npib thiab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Tab sis tag nrho cov no yuav tsis tau muab txawm tias ib puas ntawm qhov peb paub txog Rome, yog tias tsis yog rau cov ntawv sau ntawm kab lis kev cai.
Peb muaj ntau yam khoom ntawm peb qhov kev pov tseg, yog li cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem paub lawv tus kheej nrog rau feem ntau ntawm Roman lub neej.
Thawj cov ntaub ntawv tseem muaj sia nyob qhia txog huab cua, qoob loo. Lawv kuj muaj zaj nkauj qhuas cov pov thawj. Feem ntau, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab cov uas tau los rau peb tau nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv poetic.
Publius Scivolla sau "Great Annals" ntawm yim caum phau ntawv. Polybius thiab Diodorus Siculus tau sau tseg rau lawv cov haujlwm ntawm plaub caug ntim. Tab sis Titus Livius tshaj tag nrho. Nws sau keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog Loos los ntawm nws lub hauv paus mus txog niaj hnub no. Txoj haujlwm no ua rau muaj 142 phau ntawv.
Cov kws sau paj huam, cov thawj coj thiab cov kws tshaj lij - txhua tus tau sim ua kom nco txog lawv tus kheej rau cov xeeb ntxwv.
Hnub no, yuav luag txhua qhov kev sib raug zoo, koj tuaj yeem tshawb pom cov khoom siv Loosqhov chaw. Piv txwv hais txog kev cai lij choj, tshuaj, kev ua tub rog, thiab lwm yam.
Monuments ntawm cov khoom siv kab lis kev cai ntawm Ancient Rome
Tsis muaj cov khoom txaus nyiam tsawg yog qhov kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm yav dhau los hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub tebchaws loj loj. Qhov chaw ntawm dej hiav txwv Atlantic mus rau sab hnub tuaj mus rau Central Asia, Europe thiab North Africa - tag nrho cov no yog ib zaug nyob rau hauv ciam teb ntawm ib lub xeev.
Cov khoom siv ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Ancient Rome qhia rau peb txog lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua tiav zoo, kev kov yeej thiab tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov nroog loj.
Ua tsaug rau qhov pom, nws tau paub tias Ltalis tau nyob. los ntawm Paleolithic. Cov chaw nyob thiab thaj chaw nrog cov cuab yeej pob zeb tsis muaj kev ntseeg siab txog qhov no.
Ib txheej sib npaug sib npaug ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej Roman yog lub sijhawm ntawm Etruscans. Ib qho kev coj noj coj ua zoo heev, cov neeg nqa khoom uas tau kov yeej thiab sib xyaw ua ke los ntawm Loos.
Cov phiaj kub nrog cov ntawv hais tias Etruscans tuav kev sib raug zoo nrog Greek lub nroog thiab Carthage.
Lub Rooj Sib Tham Roman, txoj kev thiab cov kav dej tseem ua tsis taus pa, peb tuaj yeem hais li cas txog lub sijhawm uas lawv tsis tawg?!
Qhov no tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas qhia rau peb txog yav dhau los.
Lub monument nto moo tshaj plaws yog Pompeii undoubtedly. Lub nroog tuag ib hmos vim qhov tawg ntawm Vesuvius, uas nyob ze. Ua tsaug rau ntau tons ntawm tshauv, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom qhov chaw khaws cia zoo ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv thiab zoo nkauj interiors ntawm Roman manors. Lawv tsuas faded xim me ntsis!Hnub no koj tuaj yeem taug kev hla txoj kev ntawm lub nroog qub, plunge headlong rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.
Medieval sources
Cov no yog "tsaus" ntau pua xyoo, lub sijhawm uas tib neeg tau rov qab los ntawm kev poob qis tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub xeev qub.
Cov khoom siv ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nrab Nruab Nrab tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau pawg.
thawj suav nrog, tsis ntseeg, qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab pom tau zoo tshaj plaws - cov nroog, cov qauv tiv thaiv, fortresses.
Ua raws li cov monuments uas nqa ntau cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog, cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm lub sijhawm. Cov no suav nrog annals, annals, suab paj nruag sau nkauj ntawm zaj nkauj, decrees ntawm rulers thiab ua hauj lwm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm artisans, tub lag luam, thiab lwm yam.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom siv ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab tsis muaj ntau npaum li peb xav tau. Hais txog lub thib tsib - cuaj centuries, muaj suab tsis muaj ntaub ntawv sau. Peb tau txais cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau ntawm lub sijhawm no los ntawm cov dab neeg thiab cov dab neeg.
huab cua ntub, theem qis ntawm kev tsim khoom, qhov tseeb rov qab los rau cov txheej txheem qub qub tau ua lawv txoj haujlwm. Cov kev tshawb pom zoo li txaus ntshai yog tias peb piv cov monuments thaum ub thiab cov khoom siv ntawm Cov Nrab Hnub nyoog. Cov duab ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej pov thawj lees paub qhov tseeb no.
Qhov peculiarity ntawm lub sijhawm yog cov neeg uas nyob sab nraud ntawm lub tebchaws Loos tsis nyeem ntawv. Lawv hla dhau lawv cov kev lis kev cai los ntawm lawv cov yawg koob mus rau lawv cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm qhov ncauj. Cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau khaws cia tsuas yog los ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe lossis cov neeg teev ntuj, feem ntauhauv Latin los yog Greek. Cov lus hauv tebchaws tawg rau hauv phau ntawv nkaus xwb thaum kawg ntawm lub sijhawm no.
Peb tsis muaj tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog. Tsis yog siv tshuab, lossis kev ua neej nyob, lossis cov qauv hauv chav kawm, lossis kev pom hauv ntiaj teb - tsis muaj dab tsi tuaj yeem rov qab los tau tag nrho.
Yeej, raws li qhov pom, nws hloov tawm los cuam tshuam nrog kev ntseeg, kev ua tub rog thiab khoom siv tes ua. Tsuas yog peb ntawm cov chaw no teeb pom kev pom cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Piv txwv muaj xws li dab neeg, dab neeg, riam phom thiab cuab yeej muaj npe, thiab faus.
Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, peb xam pom lub tswv yim nyuaj xws li monuments ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kab lis kev cai, tau paub txog sciences uas kawm xws li nrhiav pom, thiab kuj xam tau tias yog ob peb piv txwv los ntawm ob lub sij hawm keeb kwm.
