Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib tau ua rau muaj kev sib tsoo ntawm plaub lub tebchaws, uas muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb sab hauv twb brewing. Ib qho teeb meem nyuaj tshwm sim hauv Austria-Hungary: thaj chaw loj nrog lub teb chaws motley, kev ntseeg thiab kev hais lus, uas yog tsim los ntawm ib feem kov yeej, ib feem ntawm cov av sib cais los ntawm cov roob, tsis tuaj yeem ua lub xeev ruaj khov.
Yog vim li cas rau kev tawg ntawm Austro-Hungarian Empire
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, Habsburg Empire, uas nyob hauv thaj chaw loj hauv Tebchaws Europe, tau poob qis vim muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv tebchaws hauv yuav luag txhua cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv Silesia, kev sib raug zoo ntawm Czechs thiab Germans yog nruj, nyob rau hauv Galicia lub confrontation ntawm Ukrainians thiab Poles intensified, nyob rau hauv Transcarpathia - Rusyns thiab Hungarians, nyob rau hauv Transylvania - Hungarians thiab Romanians, nyob rau hauv lub Balkans - Croats, Bosnians thiab Serbs.
Cov chav ua haujlwm, tsim los ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam, tiv thaiv kev nyiam ntawm cov neeg mus rauuas nws koom. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman loj, qhov txaus ntshai ntawm kev cais tawm tau hnov zoo heev. Kev sim ntawm kev txiav txim siab tus kheej tau ua los ntawm qee cov neeg, yog li kev ua phem tau nthuav dav hauv ntau lub tebchaws. Tom qab qhov tsis ua tiav ntawm lub kiv puag ncig, qhov xwm txheej hnyav zuj zus, txawm hais tias kev tawm tsam tau txav mus rau hauv kev nom kev tswv. Kev sib tsoo riam phom uas tau ua tiav los ntawm tsoomfwv cov tub rog tau tshwm sim qee zaus.
Lub teb chaws Ottoman tau qaug zog heev hauv xyoo 1867, thaum nws tau muab faib ua Austria thiab Hungary raws li tsab cai tshiab. Ob qho tib si tau muab lub sijhawm los muaj lawv tus kheej tsoomfwv thiab cov tub rog, thiab cov peev nyiaj sib cais tau muaj ua ntej. Tau ntev, lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Austro-Hungarian Empire (hauv luv luv, cov txheej txheem tsis tuaj yeem thim rov qab) tuaj yeem ncua sijhawm, vim tias Franz Joseph kuv txiav txim siab, uas ncig nws tus kheej nrog cov neeg txhawb nqa thoob ntiaj teb. Tab sis txawm li ntawd los, kev tsis pom zoo tau sib xyaw ntawm lawv. Hauv luv luv, lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Austro-Hungarian Empire tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv tebchaws.
Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, lub tshuab muaj zog bureaucratic (tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub ceev xwm yog peb npaug ntawm cov tub rog loj) tau pib ua kom muaj zog hauv zos. Cov tswv yim ntawm kev cais tawm tau permeated yuav luag tag nrho cov sectors ntawm zej zog. Muab hais tias ntau tshaj kaum lub tebchaws tseem ceeb ntawm haiv neeg tsawg nyob hauv lub tebchaws, qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb heev. Huab tais tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov neeg loj bourgeoisie. Franz Joseph nws tus kheej twb nkag siab tias qhov xwm txheej tsis muaj kev cia siab.
kev kub ntxhov nyob tom qab thiab tom ntej
Lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Austria-Hungary xyoo 1918 tau tshwm sim. pibkev tawm tsam loj. Cov neeg thov kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb nrog Russia ntawm txhua nqe lus, khoom noj khoom haus zoo dua thiab kev hloov pauv kev ywj pheej. Kev tsis sib haum xeeb, tsis muaj zaub mov thiab kev sib kis ntawm kev hloov siab lees txim tau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov tub rog, ua rau nws demoralizing tag nrho.
Thawj tub rog tawm tsam hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tawg ntawm Austro-Hungarian Empire (cov npe luv ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv qab no) yog Korotskoye. Cov neeg tsav nkoj uas yog haiv neeg tsawg tau thov kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tam sim nrog Russia ntawm cov lus ntawm kev txiav txim siab tus kheej ntawm cov neeg ntawm Austria-Hungary. Kev tawm tsam tau tawg tam sim ntawd, tag nrho cov thawj coj raug tua, thiab muaj txog 800 tus neeg raug kaw. Qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb dua nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Austro-Hungarian cov nom tswv tau hais ntau zaus tias kev tawm tsam rau Ukraine tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, tab sis cov tub rog txuas ntxiv mus. Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev kos npe ntawm kev pom zoo nrog UNR hauv Galicia, Ukrainians tau ua haujlwm ntau dua, uas tau tuav lub rooj sib tham hauv tebchaws hauv Lviv.
Kev tawm tsam loj heev tshwm sim thoob plaws Austria. Kev tawm tsam kuj tseem tshwm sim nyob rau tom qab ntawm Austro-Hungarian faj tim teb chaws (lub xyoo ntawm lub cev qhuav dej ntawm 1918): nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Rumburg, lub zos garrison tawm tsam lub hwj chim ntawm tus huab tais, nyob rau hauv Mogilev-Podolsky cov tub rog tsis kam mus rau. Italian pem hauv ntej, qhov twg kev sib ntaus sib tua tau nce zuj zus, kev tawm tsam zaub mov tau tshwm sim hauv Vienna, thiab tom qab ntawd muaj kev tawm tsam dav dav rau qhov tsis muaj zaub mov. Lub hli dhau los ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman, kwv yees li 150 txhiab tus tub rog khiav tawm ntawm pab tub rog.
German Austria hauv Habsburg Empire
Lub xeev lub npe nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman, nyob ib ncig ntawm uaskoom ua ke lwm qhov hauv lub tebchaws, tsis tshaj tawm kev ywj pheej, txawm hais tias muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv zos ntawm Austrian thiab Slovenes, nrog rau cov neeg Austrian thiab Italians. Tag nrho cov teeb meem teeb meem tau ua tiav tiav kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Xyoo 1918, Austria-Hungary (lub cev qhuav dej twb pom tseeb lawm) tau kos npe rau kev sib haum xeeb nrog Entente. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, Charles kuv tau tshem tawm lub hwj chim ntawm tus huab tais, txawm hais tias nws tsis raug cai abdicate. Austria tau tshaj tawm ib lub tebchaws nyob hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes.
Nyob rau hauv thawj lub hlis ntawm lub tebchaws muaj, kev tawm tsam zaub mov, kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab kev tawm tsam cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tsis tau nres, vim tias cov xwm txheej no tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev kub ntxhov nyob rau txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub tebchaws Austro-Hungarian qub. Qhov ua rau lub cev qhuav dej tsis tau tshem tawm lawv tus kheej. Qhov xwm txheej phem zuj zus thaum, nrog kev tshaj tawm ntawm Republic of Hungary hauv xyoo 1919, kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam pib hauv Austria. Qhov xwm txheej tau ruaj khov tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo 1920, thaum tau txais kev cai lij choj tshiab. Lub koom pheej ntawm Austria muaj mus txog 1938, thaum nws dhau mus rau Third Reich.
Hungary, Transylvania thiab Bukovina
Hungary thiab Austria muaj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman ua ob lub xeev sib cais, tuav ua ke los ntawm kev pom zoo ntawm tus kheej. Lub union tau tawg nyob rau hauv 1918 thaum lub Hungarian parliament lees paub kev ywj pheej ntawm lub teb chaws. Tab sis qhov tseeb, thaj chaw tseem yog ib feem ntawm Austro-Hungarian Empire, yog li muaj kev tawm tsam hauv Budapest tawm tsam Habsburgs. Nyob rau tib hnub, Slovakia tau tawm ntawm Hungary thiab tau los ua ib feem ntawm Czechoslovakia, thiab tsis ntev muaj kev tawm tsam dav dav hauv Transylvania. Hauv Bukovinacov communists tau ua ntau dua, thov kom muaj kev sib txuas nrog Ukrainian SSR.
Qhov xwm txheej hauv Hungary hnyav zuj zus vim qhov kev koom ua ke ntawm Transylvania los ntawm Romanian cov tub rog. Social Democrats thiab Communist tau ua haujlwm ntau dua hauv lub tebchaws. Txawm tias muaj ntau yam raug ntes, kev khuv leej rau cov communist loj hlob tuaj. Tam sim ntawd tom qab qhov kev cai lij choj raug cai ntawm Pawg Neeg Communist los ntawm tsoomfwv, kev tawm tsam tawm tsam tsoomfwv tau tshwm sim, thiab hu xov tooj rau kev tsim lub zog ntawm Soviet. Cov communist pib los tswj tsoom fwv cov koom haum, tsoom fwv communist tshaj tawm Hungarian Soviet koom pheej.
Revolutionary events in Czechoslovakia
Rau tsim kev ywj pheej Czech koom pheej thiab Slovakia yog cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov neeg txawj ntse. Rau ib lub sijhawm tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Austria-Hungary, kev tawm tsam tau tuav rov qab los ntawm cov tub rog imperial. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Washington, cov thawj coj ntawm lub liberation zog tau luam tawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm Czechoslovakia. Austria-Hungary, nyob rau hauv cov lus teb, tshaj tawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tso siab rau, uas tau pom tias yog kev yeej rau lub kiv puag ncig, tab sis qhov tseeb ntawm imperial tsoom fwv yog li ntshav tsis muaj hwj chim nyob hauv lub nroog. Thaum kawm txog kev hloov lub zog, tib neeg tau mus rau hauv txoj kev thiab pib thov kev ywj pheej.
Kingdom of Galicia thiab Lodomeria
Nyob rau hauv lub nceeg vaj ntawm Galicia thiab Lodomeria, uas tau tsim tom qab kev faib ntawm Lub Tebchaws, ntau haiv neeg sib xyaw ua ke, cov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg Ukrainians thiab Poles. Lub confrontation ntawm lawv tsis tau nres los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm tsim. Lub Nceeg Vaj tau tswj hwm txoj haujlwm ua thawj coj hauvcheeb tsam nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov tub ceev xwm imperial, tab sis nrog thaum pib ntawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, cov neeg Ukrainians hauv zos tau ua haujlwm ntau dua. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Austria-Hungary yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tsuas yog ib qho kev zam txim. Kev sib ntaus pib, thiab tom qab Polish-Ukrainian tsov rog, Polish-Soviet tsov rog pib.
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats thiab Slovenes
Cov neeg Slavic ntawm Balkan Peninsula txhawb Serbia txawm tias ua ntej pib Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, thiab thaum muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua, txog 35 txhiab tus neeg tau khiav tawm ntawm Austria-Hungary. Hauv Paris, xyoo 1915, Pawg Neeg Yugoslav tau tsim, lub hom phiaj yog los ua kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam Austrian ntawm cov neeg Slavic ntawm Balkan Peninsula. Lub taub hau ntawm pawg neeg tshaj tawm kev sib sau ntawm Serbs, Croats thiab Slovenes. Nws kuj vam tias yuav tsim kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke Slavic xeev yav tom ntej, tab sis lub tswv yim ua tsis tiav.
Cov kev hloov pauv loj tau pib tom qab Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig thiab kev tawg ntawm Austria-Hungary. Ntawm cov neeg coob coob, kev tsis txaus siab rau Austrian tau loj hlob dua lwm haiv neeg. Kev kub ntxhov loj tau pib, thiab tsis ntev cov cheeb tsam tau tsim lawv tus kheej tsoomfwv. Lawv tsis tau ua lawv lub luag haujlwm ntev heev, tos lub sijhawm tshaj tawm kev ywj pheej. Lub Xeev Slovenes, Serbs thiab Croats tau tshaj tawm thaum Lub Kaum Hli 29, 1918.
Kev lag luam tom qab lub tebchaws tawg rog
Lub Autro-Hungarian krone tau ncig thoob plaws hauv tebchaws Askiv ua ntej kev tawg, uas xyoo 1918 poob qis heev. Rov qab rau xyoo 1914, lub kaus mom tau rov qab los ntawm 30% kub, thiab los ntawm lub hli dhau los ntawm lub xeev muaj nyob, kev muabtsuas yog 1%. Kev poob tas li ntawm lub teb chaws txiaj tau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev lag luam. Cov neeg tsim khoom tsis ntseeg lub kaus mom, tsis kam muag cov khoom. Kev sib pauv hloov pauv tau dhau los ua qhov tshwm sim ntiag tug, thiab cov pej xeem pib thim lawv cov nyiaj los ntawm tuam txhab nyiaj txiag.
Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas cov xeev tshiab yuav tsum tau daws yog kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov txiaj thiab kev txiav tawm ntawm kev txo nqi yav tom ntej. Cov nuj nqis sab nraud tau muab faib sib npaug ntawm cov teb chaws tsim tshiab, cov nyiaj tau los tau hloov los ntawm lwm tus, kev lag luam hauv teb chaws tau tsim thiab twb tau ua haujlwm lawm. Thaum lub rooj sib tham tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, lawv tsuas yog yuav tsum tau ua raws cai. Tam sim no txhua lub xeev tau dhau mus rau nws txoj kev txhim kho: qee qhov rov qab los sai sai hauv lub tebchaws kev lag luam, thaum lwm tus ntsib teebmeem kev lag luam.
txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov xeev tshiab
Lub xeev twg tau tsim tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Austria-Hungary? Thaum lub sij hawm faib cov cheeb tsam, kaum peb lub xeev tshiab tshwm sim, tab sis tsis yog txhua tus ntawm lawv dim. Cov ciam teb tsim tau hloov pauv thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, thiab tom qab qhov kawg ntawm kev ua phem tau hloov kho. Txog niaj hnub no, tsuas yog Hungary thiab Austria uas muaj sia nyob.
Kev tshwm sim ntawm kev tawg ntawm Austria-Hungary
Daim duab qhia kev nom kev tswv hauv ntiaj teb tau hloov pauv tseem ceeb. Tab sis muaj lwm yam tseem ceeb tshwm sim ntawm lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Austro-Hungarian Empire:
- new system ntawm kev sib raug zoo thoob ntiaj teb (Versailles);
- kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov neeg sib tw loj ntawm Fabkis thiab Tebchaws Askiv hauv Tebchaws Europe;
- demobilization ntawm tag nrho Austrian thiab Hungarian pab tub rog, kev txwv tsis pub muaj lawv tus kheej lub nkoj thiab kev dav hlau, kev ua pej xeem ntawm lub koom haum Austrian riam phom nkaus xwb;
- tso nyiaj them rov qab rau Austria;
- kev sib cais ntawm lub koomhaum ntawm Austria thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees;
- kev txhawb zog ntawm haiv neeg hauv tebchaws kev kawm, kev tshwm sim ntawm kev xav tshiab thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub tebchaws qub.
Ntxiv rau, ntau haiv neeg tsis tau tswj kom ua tiav kev ywj pheej. Piv txwv li, lub xeev ntawm Ukrainians yog liquidated, lub teb chaws los ua ib feem ntawm Poland. Czechs, Rusyns thiab Slovaks nyob hauv ib lub xeev. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm qee cov neeg tiag tiag tsuas yog zuj zus. Raws li ib feem ntawm Austro-Hungarian faj tim teb chaws, lawv muaj tsawg kawg yog qee qhov kev tswj hwm tus kheej thiab txoj cai los tuav lub rooj zaum hauv parliament, thiab hauv cov xeev tshiab tsim, lawv cov thawj coj kawg tau raug tshem tawm.
Qee cov lus qhia ntxiv
Ua ntej qhov kawg ntawm Austria-Hungary, qee cov neeg Slavic nyob rau sab qab teb tau hais tawm ntau zaus txog qhov yuav tsum tau khaws cia ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm tsoomfwv, suav nrog peb feem. Lub tswv yim no yeej tsis tau siv. Cov kev xav sib txawv txog kev khaws cia ntawm Austria-Hungary tau hais tawm thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib los ntawm cov xeev ua tsov rog. Nws tau npaj los tsim lub tebchaws uas txhua haiv neeg yuav muaj cai sib npaug. Lub tswv yim ua tsis tiav vim kev cais tawm thiab ua tub rog.
