Rene Descartes: biography thiab lub tswv yim tseem ceeb

Cov txheej txheem:

Rene Descartes: biography thiab lub tswv yim tseem ceeb
Rene Descartes: biography thiab lub tswv yim tseem ceeb
Anonim

Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm ntawm kev xav zoo xav txog Rene Descartes tus tsim ntawm Western lub tswv yim niaj hnub no. Vim li cas Rene Descartes nto moo? Biography thiab cov tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws kho mob, lej, tus kws tshawb fawb tau piav qhia hauv kab lus hauv qab no.

Rene Descartes yug los rau hauv tsev neeg txom nyem thiab yog tus yau ntawm peb tus tub. Nws niam pog tau koom nrog nws txoj kev loj hlob, txij li thaum nws txiv, Joachim Descartes, ua haujlwm ua tus txiav txim hauv lwm lub nroog, thiab nws niam, Jeanne Brochard, tuag thaum Rene tseem tsis tau muaj ob xyoos. Tus tub hluas tau txais kev cai dab qhuas ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Jesuit La Fleche. Txij li thaum yau, nws xav paub ntau ntxiv thiab thaum ntxov pib koom nrog kev ua lej. Xyoo 1616, René Descartes tau txais bachelor's degree.

Rene Descartes thaum yau dab neeg ntxiv Untold Biography Tseeb
Rene Descartes thaum yau dab neeg ntxiv Untold Biography Tseeb

Rene Descartes. Biography. Lub sijhawm Dutch

Tom qab kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv, yav tom ntej tus kws tshawb fawb tau mus sib ntaus. Thaum lub sij hawm siv hauv kev ua tub rog, nws tau mus xyuas ntau qhov chaw kub ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd: lub siege ntawm La Rochelle, lub kiv puag ncig hauv Holland, kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Prague hauv peb caug xyoo 'Kev Tsov Rog. Thaum rov qab mus rau nws lub tebchaws, Descartes yuav luag tam sim ntawd yuav tsum tawm mus rau Holland, txij li thaum nyob rau Fabkis cov neeg Jesuits liam nws ntawm heresy rau freethinking.

Nyob hauv Holland, tus kws tshawb fawb nyob ntau li 20xyoo. Lub sijhawm xyoo no ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb, Descartes tau tsim thiab luam tawm ntau yam haujlwm uas tau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv nws txoj kev xav.

  • "Kev sib haum xeeb" (1634)
  • "Kev hais lus ntawm txoj kev" (1637)
  • "Reflections on the First Philosophy …" (1641)
  • "Principles of Philosophy" (1644)

Kev sib raug zoo tau muab faib ua ob ntu: cov neeg qhuas thiab cov uas xav tsis thoob los ntawm Rene Descartes qhov kev tshawb pom.

Cov ntawv sau luv luv ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb muaj ntau qhov kev tshawb pom thiab ua haujlwm, tab sis tsis tshua paub txog nws tus kheej lub neej. Descartes tsis tau sib yuav. Nws tsuas yog paub tias xyoo 1635 nws tus ntxhais Francine yug los. Nws niam yog ib tug kws tshawb fawb. Rene Descartes tau dhau los ua tus menyuam yaus thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua rau lub sijhawm ntev thaum nws tuag los ntawm kub taub hau thaum muaj hnub nyoog 5 xyoos. Ua ib tus neeg coj txawv txawv thiab tshwj xeeb, tus kws tshawb fawb tau hloov los ua ib tus txiv siab zoo.

Rene Descartes cov tswv yim tseem ceeb
Rene Descartes cov tswv yim tseem ceeb

Lub tsev teev ntuj cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm Holland tsis tuaj yeem lees txais cov kws tshawb fawb txoj kev xav dawb. Tag nrho nws lub neej nws raug tsim txom. Lub sijhawm Dutch tsis muaj qhov zam. Hauv Fab Kis, Cardinal Richelieu tau tso cai luam tawm rau ntawd, tab sis cov Protestant theologians ntawm Netherlands tau cem nws.

Swedish lub sijhawm

Hauv xyoo 1649, Rene Descartes, ntawm qhov kev caw tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Swedish poj huab tais Christina, tsim txom los ntawm Dutch Inquisition, tsiv mus rau Stockholm. Xyoo 1649, nws txoj hauj lwm "The Passions of the Soul" tau luam tawm.

Lub neej hauv tsev hais plaub tsis yooj yim: txawm hais tias huab tais tau txhawb nqa tus kws tshawb fawb, nws ris nws ntau dhaukev puas siab puas ntsws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb (twb tsis muaj zog) tau poob qis dua hauv cov huab cua hnyav sab qaum teb. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb thiab pawg ntseeg tsis zoo tag nrho.

Rene Descartes thaum yau dab neeg ntxiv Untold Biography Tseeb: Untold Cov Lus Tseeb
Rene Descartes thaum yau dab neeg ntxiv Untold Biography Tseeb: Untold Cov Lus Tseeb

Raws li cov ntawv tshaj tawm, Rene Descartes tuag thaum Lub Ob Hlis 11, 1650, raug mob ntsws. Muaj kev xav tias nws raug tshuaj lom. Tom qab 17 xyoo, cov seem ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse tau raug thauj los ntawm Sweden raws li kev thov ntawm Fabkis thiab rov faus rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Abbey ntawm Saint-Germain.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm Descartes - tus tsim ntawm rationalism

Rene Descartes raug suav tias yog tus tsim ntawm kev xav. Cov tswv yim tseem ceeb hauv kev xav txog kev xav tuaj yeem sau tau raws li hauv qab no.

  • Tus kws tshawb fawb tau tso tawm qhov kev xav txog cov qauv tseem ceeb thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom.
  • Descartes ua pov thawj tias lub siab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev paub.
  • Nws yog tus sau txoj kev xav ntawm dualism, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov tswv yim ntawm kev xav tau sib haum xeeb.
  • Descartes muab tso rau qhov kev xav ntawm "innate tswv yim".
Rene Descartes lub teb chaws
Rene Descartes lub teb chaws

Kev qhia txog yam khoom

Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm txog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev ua, nws cov ntsiab lus, lub tswv yim ntawm cov khoom raug tsim, tus sau uas yog Rene Descartes. Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb yog raws li lub tswv yim no.

Khoom yog txhua yam uas muaj nyob thiab tib lub sijhawm tsis xav tau dab tsi tab sis nws tus kheej rau nws lub neej. Tsuas yog tus uas nyob mus ib txhis, tsis tau tsim, uas muaj hwjchim loj kawg nkaus uas muaj lub siab zoo no. Nws yog tus ua rau txhua yam thiab lub hauv paus. Vajtswv, yog tus tsim,Nws kuj tau tsim lub ntiaj teb los ntawm cov khoom uas muaj qhov zoo ib yam: lawv muaj thiab tsis xav tau lwm yam tshaj li lawv tus kheej kom muaj nyob. Hauv kev sib raug zoo, cov khoom tsim muaj tus kheej txaus, thiab kev sib raug zoo rau tus Tswv lawv yog theem nrab.

Descartes faib cov khoom tsim los rau hauv cov khoom (yam) thiab sab ntsuj plig (tswv yim). Rau cov khoom siv thib ob, txuas ntxiv (ntsuas qhov ntev) yog yam ntxwv. Lawv yog divisible ad infinitum. Sab ntsuj plig tsim cov khoom, raws li lub tswv yim ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, muaj lub cim ntawm kev xav. Lawv yog indivisible.

Tus txiv neej tau nce siab dua txhua yam hauv qhov xwm txheej los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws muaj ob yam khoom: khoom siv thiab sab ntsuj plig. Yog li txiv neej yog dualistic. Cov khoom thiab cov khoom ntawm sab ntsuj plig nyob rau hauv nws yog sib npaug. Qhov no yog li cas Rene Descartes pom lub "crown of creation". Tus kws tshawb fawb txoj kev xav ntawm dualism tau daws cov lus nug hnub nyoog ntawm lub tswv yim txog dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb: teeb meem lossis kev nco qab.

Pov thawj ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov laj thawj

"Kuv xav tias, yog li ntawd kuv yog" - tus sau ntawm no nto moo aphorism yog Rene Descartes. Lub ntsiab discoveries ntawm tus philosopher yog raws li lub postulate ntawm lub primacy ntawm yog vim li cas.

Rene Descartes loj discoveries
Rene Descartes loj discoveries

Txhua yam tuaj yeem ua xyem xyav, yog li kev tsis ntseeg yog qhov tseeb thiab tsis xav tau pov thawj. Kev tsis ntseeg yog ib yam khoom ntawm kev xav. Tsis ntseeg, ib tug neeg xav. Yog li ntawd, ib tug neeg tiag tiag, txij li thaum nws xav. Kev xav yog txoj haujlwm ntawm lub siab, yog li ntawd nws yog lub siab uas nyob ntawm lub siab ntawm kev ua.

Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Descartes

Tus kws tshawb fawb pom zoo siv txoj kev txiav tawm tsis yog hauv lej thiabphysics, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv philosophy. "Kev hloov pauv kev paub los ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua rau kev tsim khoom lag luam" - qhov no yog txoj haujlwm uas Rene Descartes tau teeb tsa nws tus kheej. Lub teb chaws uas nws nyob (tshwj xeeb yog cov neeg Yudais) tsis txais nws tej lus qhia.

Ntawm no yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem epistemological:

  • rely nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb tsuas yog cov kev paub tseeb thiab kev txiav txim siab uas tsis muaj kev ntseeg;
  • faib cov teeb meem nyuaj ua ntu;
  • mus los ntawm qhov pov thawj thiab paub tsis tau lees paub thiab tsis paub;
  • ua raws li kev nruj nruj, txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev poob ntawm kev sib txuas hauv cov saw hlau.

Teaching about "innate idea"

Qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho lub tswv yim yog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm "innate lub tswv yim", tus sau uas yog Rene Descartes. Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb thiab postulates ntawm txoj kev xav nyeem:

  • kev paub ntau tshaj yog ua tiav los ntawm kev txiav tawm, tab sis muaj kev paub uas tsis xav tau pov thawj - "innate tswv yim";
  • lawv muab faib ua cov ntsiab lus (piv txwv li, ntsuj plig, lub cev, Vajtswv, thiab lwm yam) thiab kev txiav txim (piv txwv li, tag nrho yog ntau dua ib feem).
Rene Descartes saib
Rene Descartes saib

Rene Descartes. Biography: nthuav qhov tseeb

  • Lub sijhawm 20 xyoo nyob hauv Holland, Rene Descartes tau tswj hwm nyob hauv txhua lub nroog.
  • I. P. Pavlov suav hais tias yog Rene Descartes tus tsim ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb fawb, yog li ntawd nws tau tsa ib lub monument rau tus neeg txawj ntse nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws lub chaw soj nstuam.
  • Nrog lub teeb txhais tes ntawm Descartes, cov tsiaj ntawv Latin A, B thiab C qhia qhov tsis tu ncua, thiab cov tsiaj ntawv kawg ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Latin– variables.
  • Muaj ib lub qhov tsua ntawm lub hli muaj npe raws li tus kws tshawb fawb zoo.
  • Tus poj huab tais Swedish Christina xav kom Rene Descartes ua haujlwm nrog nws txhua tag kis. Phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas nws yuav tsum tau sawv ntawm tsib thaum sawv ntxov rau qhov no.
  • Thaum lub sijhawm rov faus qhov seem ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, lub pob txha taub hau ploj lawm, uas tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem piav qhia.
  • Txawm hais tias mob ntsws tseem suav tias yog qhov kev tuag ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, ntau tus ntseeg tias nws raug tua. Cov pov thawj ntawm arsenic lom ntawm René Descartes tau pom nyob rau xyoo 1980s.

Pom zoo: