Nyob rau hauv lub system ntawm philological sciences, muaj ntau yam - txoj kev xav ntawm cov lus, siv linguistics, stylistics, dialectology thiab txawm onomastics. Niaj hnub no peb yuav tham txog dab tsi onomastics yog dab tsi, dab tsi yog nws cov ntsiab lus thiab cov khoom, dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm nws. Xav txog nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm cov kev qhuab qhia, qhov chaw uas muab cov ntaub ntawv rau kev kawm.
Onomastics as a science
Cia peb pib nrog dab tsi onomastics yog. Lub ntsiab txhais hais tias qhov no yog ib ceg ntawm kev paub lus uas kawm txog cov npe los yog cov npe.
Thaum pib, onomastics yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb, uas tau siv los ntawm cov neeg keeb kwm, cov kws tshawb fawb, cov neeg sau ntawv thuam los ua kev qhuab qhia. Tom qab ntawd nws tau muab cais ua ib ntu ntawm kev hais lus nrog nws tus kheej txoj hauv kev rau kev txheeb xyuas cov khoom siv lus. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev xaiv tsa thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov npe kom raug hauv cov lus. Cov ntsiab lus yog ncaj qha npe, npe.
Studies onomasticsphonetic, morphological, derivational, semantic thiab etymological yam ntawm cov npe kom raug.
keeb kwm kev tsim kho
Hais txog dab tsi onomastics yog, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau kov cov teeb meem xws li keeb kwm ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm science.
Nws suav hais tias tseem hluas. Nws tau tshwm sim txij li xyoo 1930, thaum lub ntiaj teb thawj International Onomastic Congress tau tuav hauv Fabkis.
Tam sim no xyoo 1949, pawg neeg saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv tau tsim los ntawm UNESCO, ib phau ntawv xov xwm tshwj xeeb Onoma tau luam tawm. Lub ncov ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm onomastics poob rau 50-60 xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem.
Lavxias teb sab onomastics pib nws keeb kwm hauv 1812, thaum A. Kh. Vostokov luam tawm tsab xov xwm "Kev Ua Haujlwm rau cov neeg nyiam etymology". Nyob rau hauv 1813, lwm yam tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm los ntawm E. Bolkhovitinov "Nyob rau lub peculiarities ntawm lub Proper Names ntawm lub Slavonic Russians" tau luam tawm. Tau ob centuries, kev tshawb fawb tau tsim, tsim nws tus kheej txoj kev tshawb fawb, sau cov ntaub ntawv tseeb, me ntsis los ntawm kev tsim ib txoj kev xav. Nyob rau hauv 2004, qhov teeb meem ntawm onomastics pib tshwm nyob rau hauv Russia.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb
Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau yam kev tshawb fawb. Onomastics ntawm cov npe tsim nyog tuaj yeem npog ntau yam kev paub, thaum qhov txawv:
- Regional onomastics, uas kawm txog onomasticon ntawm ib cheeb tsam, kawm nws onomastic subsystems.
- Theoretical, uas kawm txog cov qauv dav dav ntawm kev txhim kho thiab kev ua haujlwmonomastic systems.
- Applied onomastics yog txuam nrog feem ntau ntawm kev xyaum naming, lawv ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov lus niaj hnub. Qhov no suav nrog kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv sau npe thiab kev tshaj tawm cov npe, kev txhim kho cov qauv kev cai rau kev tsim cov patronymics thiab cov npe, cov lus qhia los qhia txog kev koom nrog hauv ib cheeb tsam, thaj chaw nyob, tsev neeg.
- Kev piav qhia, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm lub xeev onomastic ntawm ib thaj chaw tshwj xeeb. Hauv qhov no, ib chav kawm onomastic raug txiav txim siab.
- Poetic onomastics - kawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov npe tsim nyog hauv cov ntawv sau, cov ntsiab lus ntawm lawv cov kev tsim, ua haujlwm hauv cov ntawv nyeem.
Sections
Nyob ntawm qeb ntawm cov khoom kawm ntawm cov npe tsim nyog, cov ntu hauv qab no ntawm onomastics yog qhov txawv:
- Anthroponymy - kawm txog cov npe ntawm tib neeg.
- Toponymy - kawm cov npe ntawm thaj chaw khoom.
- Zoonymy - kawm txog cov npe tsiaj.
- Astronomy - kawm txog lub npe ntawm lub hnub qub - ntiaj chaw, hnub qub, comets.
- Hydronymics - kawm txog lub npe ntawm cov dej hauv av - dej ntws, pas dej, hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv.
Kev sib txuas nrog lwm yam kev tshawb fawb
Hais txog dab tsi onomastics yog, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tsis nco txog nws txoj kev sib txuas nrog lwm cov kev qhuab qhia. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog ze ze rau linguistics. Kev tshawb fawb siv hom lus los txheeb xyuas cov npe kom raug. Nws kuj tseem txuas nrog logic, txij li kev sib txuas ntawm lub tswv yim thiab lo lus tau kawm. Kev sib txuas ntawm onomastics nrog geography thiab astronomy yog taug qab. Cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau tig mus rau onomasts los dawsteeb meem xws li kev sau ntawv raug thiab txhais cov npe.
History, ethnography thiab archaeology muab ntau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau cov kws tshawb fawb onomast. Cov, nyob rau hauv lem, pab historians. Tus nqi ntawm onomastics rau cov kws tshawb fawb cuam tshuam nrog keeb kwm yog qhov tseem ceeb. Yog li, cov onomastics no pab kawm txog kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg, lawv cov kev lis kev cai thiab rituals, txij li thaum tsim ntawm lub npe, lawv siv, muaj kev sib raug zoo tsis tau tsuas yog nrog tej haiv neeg, tab sis kuj nrog eras. Nrog kev pab los ntawm onomastics, ib tug tsis tau tsuas yog txiav txim lub ciam teb ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm haiv neeg, tab sis kuj muaj ntau yam sau memos.
Study Sources
Peb pom tias onomastics yog dab tsi, muab lub ntsiab lus rau nws, txheeb xyuas cov ntu tseem ceeb. Tab sis ib lo lus nug tseem tsis tau teb - qhov twg cov kws tshawb fawb tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tiag tiag rau kev kawm?
Muaj ntau qhov chaw. Feem ntau siv yog:
- Npe npe thiab xeem npe.
- Church books and calendars.
- Cov lus hais thiab ceeb toom.
- thaj chaw thiab astronomical maps.
- phau ntawv chaw nyob.
- Phau ntawv ntawm cov lus nug ntawm thaj av.
- Catalogs of animal shows.
- Noj sib tw npe.
- Artworks.
Study
Lawv kawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no tshwj xeeb hauv cov tsev kawm qib siab hauv cov tsev kawm philological. Kev paub nrog ntu tshwm sim thaum kawm cov chav kawm "Lexicology" lossis raws li chav kawm tshwj xeeb. Thaum lub sij hawm kev cob qhia, cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav kawm seb onomastics yog dab tsi, nws siv txoj kev twg, cov ntu twg tau hais qhia hauv nws.
Nws tsis tshua tau kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv chav kawm, tshwj tsis yog tej zaum hauv cov chav kawm qib siab. Tab sis tib lub sij hawm, kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thiab tsuas yog muab cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim txog nws.
Cov Lus Qhia
Onomastics yog ib qho ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia uas kawm txog cov npe thiab lawv txoj haujlwm hauv Lavxias. Nws tseem hluas. Lawv kawm nws nyob rau hauv lub philological faculties.
