Chemistry kawm tshuaj thiab lawv cov khoom. Thaum lawv sib tov, cov khoom sib xyaw yog tsim kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshiab.
Dab tsi yog qhov sib xyaw
Ib qho sib tov yog ib qho kev sau ntawm ib tus neeg. Lawv tsis tsuas yog tsim los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv cov chaw kuaj mob raws li qee yam mob. Txhua hnub peb pib nrog cov tshuaj tsw qab los yog kas fes, uas peb ntxiv qab zib. Los yog peb ua ib lub kua zaub qab, uas yuav tsum tau s alted. Cov no yog cov sib tov tiag. Tsuas yog peb tsis xav txog nws kiag li.
Yog tias nws tsis tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm cov khoom nrog qhov muag liab qab, ces koj muaj homogeneous sib xyaw (homogeneous). Lawv tuaj yeem tau los ntawm kev ua kom cov suab thaj tib yam hauv tshuaj yej lossis kas fes.
Tab sis yog tias koj ntxiv xuab zeb rau qab zib, lawv cov khoom tuaj yeem sib txawv yooj yim. Xws li kev sib xyaw yog suav tias yog heterogeneous lossis heterogeneous.
Hauv kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm hom no, koj tuaj yeem siv cov khoom sib txawv ntawm kev sib sau ua ke: khoom lossis kua. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov kua txob hauv av ntawm ntau hom lossis lwm yam seasonings yog feem ntau heterogeneous qhuav compositions.
Yog tias muaj kua siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj cov khoom lag luam heterogeneous, ces qhov tshwm simpawg hu ua suspension. Thiab muaj ob peb hom ntawm lawv. Thaum cov kua sib tov nrog cov khib nyiab, cov tshuaj raug tshem tawm raug tsim. Lawv qhov piv txwv yog sib tov dej nrog xuab zeb lossis av nplaum. Thaum tus kws tsim ua cov cement, tus kws ua zaub mov tov hmoov nplej nrog dej, tus menyuam txhuam nws cov hniav nrog tshuaj txhuam hniav, lawv txhua tus siv slurries.
Lwm yam sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem tau los ntawm kev sib xyaw ob cov kua. Lawm, yog hais tias lawv hais yog distinguishable. Tso cov roj zaub rau hauv dej thiab tau txais ib qho emulsion.
nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm pawg tshuaj no yog huab cua. Txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm paub tias nws muaj ntau cov pa roj: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, dej vapor thiab impurities. Lawv puas tuaj yeem pom thiab pom ntawm qhov muag liab qab? Tsis tau.
Yog li, ob qho tib si huab cua thiab dej qab zib yog homogeneous sib xyaw. Lawv tuaj yeem nyob hauv cov xeev sib txawv. Tab sis feem ntau cov kua homogeneous sib tov yog siv. Lawv muaj cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj. Ntxiv mus, thawj feem yog kua los yog noj nyob rau hauv ib tug loj ntim.
Cov tshuaj tsis tuaj yeem yaj hauv qhov tsis muaj qhov kawg. Piv txwv li, tsuas yog ob kilograms suab thaj tuaj yeem ntxiv rau ib liter dej. Ntxiv mus, qhov txheej txheem no tsuas yog yuav tsis tshwm sim. Qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo li no yuav ua kom txaus.
Cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke yog ib qho tshwm sim nthuav. Yog li, hydrogen tau yooj yim faib rau hauv ntau yam hlau. Qhov kev siv ntawm cov txheej txheem dissolution nyob ntawm ntau yamyam. Nws nce nrog qhov nce hauv qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov kua thiab huab cua, thaum sib tsoo ntawm cov khoom thiab vim lawv qhov sib xyaw.
Surprising is the fact that absolutely insoluble substances tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Txawm tias cov nyiaj ions raug faib nruab nrab ntawm cov dej molecules, tsim ib homogeneous sib tov. Cov kev daws teeb meem zoo li no tau siv dav hauv lub neej niaj hnub thiab tib neeg lub neej. Piv txwv li, txhua leej txhua tus nyiam thiab noj qab nyob zoo mis nyuj yog homogeneous sib tov.
Txoj kev sib cais sib xyaws
Qee zaum nws yuav tsim nyog tsis yog kom tau txais cov kev daws teeb meem zoo ib yam nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yuav tsum cais cov sib xyaw ua ke. Cia peb hais tias tsuas muaj dej ntsev hauv tsev xwb, tab sis koj yuav tsum tau txais nws cov crystals cais. Ua li no, ib qho zoo sib xws yog evaporated. Homogeneous mixs, piv txwv ntawm cov uas tau muab los saum toj no, feem ntau yog sib cais nyob rau hauv no txoj kev.
Distillation yog raws qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub kub. Txhua leej txhua tus paub tias dej pib evaporate ntawm 100 degrees Celsius, thiab ethyl cawv ntawm 78. Ib tug sib tov ntawm cov kua yog rhuab. Ua ntej, cov cawv vapor evaporates. Lawv yog condensed, uas yog, lawv raug xa mus rau lub xeev ua kua, nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog tej chilled nto.
Hlau sib tov yog sib cais siv cov hlau nplaum. Piv txwv li, hlau thiab ntoo chips. Cov roj zaub thiab dej tuaj yeem sib cais los ntawm kev daws teeb meem.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab homogeneous sib xyaw, piv txwv uas tau piav qhia hauv kab lus, yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam. Minerals, huab cua, hauv av, hiav txwv, zaub mov,Cov khoom siv hauv tsev, dej qab zib, pastes - tag nrho cov no yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw, yam tsis muaj lub neej yuav yooj yim ua tsis tau.
