Manganese ores yog cov ntxhia pob zeb. Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb ntawm industrial thiab economic tseem ceeb. Cov no suav nrog cov zaub mov xws li brownite, rhodonite, rhodochrosite, bustamite, pyrolusite, manganite thiab lwm yam. Manganese ores muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov teb chaws (lawv kuj nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation).
Ntiaj teb reserves
Tam sim no, manganese ore tau pom nyob rau hauv 56 lub teb chaws. Feem ntau ntawm cov deposits yog nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa (kwv yees 2/3). Tag nrho cov reserves ntawm manganese ores nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, raws li theoretical xam, tus nqi rau 21 billion tons (5 billion tau lees paub). Ntau tshaj 90% ntawm lawv yog stratiform deposits - deposits txuam nrog sedimentary pob zeb. Qhov seem yog hais txog huab cua huab cua thiab cov vents hydrothermal.
95% ntawm cov nyiaj khaws cia yog rau 11 lub tebchaws - Ukraine, South Africa, Gabon, Kazakhstan, Australia, Georgia, Brazil, Russia, Tuam Tshoj, Is Nrias teb thiab Bulgaria. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias qhov zoo ntawm tej yam ntuj tso ore nyob rau hauv lub Celestial faj tim teb chaws yog tsis tshua muaj, Tuam Tshoj yog suav hais tias yog tus thawj coj nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov export ore. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muab ntau cov zaub mov tau los ntawm cov khoom siv raw.
Zonality
Kev tsim khoom thoob ntiaj teb ntawm manganese orestxawv hauv zonation. Piv txwv li, thawj oxide raw cov ntaub ntawv yog tso rau hauv cov ntug hiav txwv dej, qhov twg av nplaum thiab sandstones muaj ntau. Txav deb ntawm hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv, cov ores ua carbonate. Cov no suav nrog calcium rhodochrosite, rhodochrosite thiab manganocalcite. Xws li manganese ore muaj nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nrog flasks thiab av nplaum. Lwm hom deposits yog metamorphosed. Cov mines zoo sib xws yog ib txwm rau Is Nrias teb.
Ancient ores
Zoo li lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov zaub mov, manganese ores hauv ntiaj teb tau tsim nyob rau ntau lub sijhawm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb. Lawv tshwm sim hauv Precambrian thiab hauv Cenozoic era. Ib txhia concretions nyob rau hauv qab ntawm dej hiav txwv sau rau hnub no.
Brazilian hlau quartzite thiab Indian gondites, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Precambrian metallogenic era nrog rau geosynclinal formations, suav hais tias yog cov feem ntau ancient. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, manganese ore tau tshwm sim hauv Ghana (Nsuta-Dagwin deposit) thiab South Africa (sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Kalahari Desert). Muaj me me reserves ntawm Early Paleozoic era nyob rau hauv lub US, Tuam Tshoj thiab sab hnub tuaj Russia. Qhov kev tso nyiaj loj tshaj plaws ntawm PRC ntawm lub sijhawm no yog Shanvutu hauv Hunan xeev. Mined manganese ores nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv Far East (nyob rau hauv lub roob ntawm lub Lesser Khingan) thiab nyob rau hauv lub Kuznetsk Alatau.
Late Paleolithic thiab Cenozoic
Manganese ores ntawm lub sijhawm Paleozoic lig yog qhov zoo rau Central Kazakhstan, qhov twg ob lub ntsiab deposits tau tsim - Ushkatyn-Sh thiab Dzhezdinsky. Cov zaub mov tseem ceeb - brownite,Hausmanite, hematite, manganite, pyromorphite thiab psilomelane. Lig Cretaceous thiab Jurassic volcanism tau tshwm sim rau manganese ore tshwm sim hauv Transbaikalia, Transcaucasia, New Zealand thiab ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm North America. Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm no, Groote Island, tau pom nyob rau xyoo 1960. hauv Australia.
Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm Cenozoic, ib qho tshwj xeeb hauv kev sib sau ntawm manganese ore tshwm sim nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm East European Platform (Mangyshlanskoye, Chiatura deposits, Nikopol phiab). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, manganese ore tau tshwm sim hauv lwm thaj chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Hauv Bulgaria, Obrochishte tso nyiaj tau tsim, thiab hauv Gabon - Moanda. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov yam ntxwv los ntawm ore-cov kabmob sandy-argillaceous deposits. Minerals muaj nyob rau hauv lawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm oolites, concretions, earthy accumulations thiab nodules. Lwm manganese ore phiab (Ural) tau tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm Tertiary. Nws stretches rau 300 kilometers. Cov txheej no ntawm manganese ores nrog ib tug tuab ntawm 1 mus rau 3 meters npog lub sab hnub tuaj slopes ntawm lub Ural Toj siab.
Ore yam
Muaj ntau yam caj ces ntawm manganese ore deposits: volcanic-sedimentary, sedimentary, metamorphogenic thiab huab cua. Ntawm plaub hom no, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev lag luam hauv ntiaj teb tau pom meej meej. Peb tab tom tham txog sedimentary deposits. Lawv muaj li ntawm 80% ntawm tag nrho cov reserves ntawm manganese ores nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.
Cov deposits loj tshaj plaws tau tsim nyob rau hauv lagoonal thiab ntug hiav txwv dej hiav txwv bass. Cov no yog Georgian Chiatura tso nyiaj, Kazakh Mangyshlak, Bulgarian Obrochishte. KujUkrainian Nikopol phiab yog txawv los ntawm nws loj loj. Nws cov cheeb tsam ore-cov kabmob stretch raws cov dej Ingulets thiab Dnieper. Lub nroog ze tshaj plaws yog Zaporozhye thiab Nikopol. Lub phiab yog ib tug elongated sawb 5 kilometers dav thiab 250 kilometers ntev. Lub reservoir yog ib tug sandy-clayey tswv cuab nrog lo ntsiab muag, concretions thiab nodules. Manganese ore, daim duab uas koj pom hauv kab lus, nyob ntawm qhov tob txog li 100 meters.
Submarine thiab volcanic deposits
Manganese ore yog mined tsis yog nyob rau hauv av, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv dej. Qhov no yog ua tiav los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab Nyij Pooj, uas tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb loj hauv thaj chaw "qhuav". Ib qho kev txhim kho underwater manganese ore deposit nyob rau hauv qhov tob txog li 5 kilometers.
Lwm hom kev tsim yog volcanic. Xws li deposits yog characterized los ntawm kev koom tes nrog ferruginous thiab carbonate pob zeb. Ore lub cev feem ntau yog sai wedged tawm tsis xwm yeem lo ntsiab muag, seams thiab lenticels. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm hlau thiab manganese carbonates. Lub thickness ntawm xws li ore lub cev yog li ntawm 1 mus rau 10 meters. volcanogenic-sedimentary hom muaj xws li deposits ntawm Kazakhstan thiab Russia (Ir-Niliyskoye thiab Magnitogorskoye). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov no yog cov ores ntawm Salair Range (porphyritic-siliceous formations).
Huab cua crusts thiab metamorphic ores
Cov khoom pov tseg ntawm huab cua crusts yog tsim los ntawm decomposition ntawm manganese ores. Cov kws tshaj lij kuj hu cov kaus mom zoo li no. Cov hom no muaj nyob hauv Brazil,Is Nrias teb, Venezuela, Australia, South Africa, Canada. Cov ore no suav nrog vernadite, psilomelane, thiab pyrolusite. Lawv raug tsim los ntawm oxidation ntawm rhodonite, manganocalcite thiab rhodochrosite.
Metamorphogenic ores yog tsim los ntawm kev sib cuag lossis hauv cheeb tsam metamorphism ntawm manganese-cov kabmob pob zeb thiab sedimentary ores. Qhov no yog li cas rhodonite thiab bustamite tshwm. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov tso nyiaj no yog Karsakpai hauv Kazakhstan.
Russian manganese ore deposits
Ural yog thaj chaw tseem ceeb manganese ore mining hauv tebchaws Russia. Kev lag luam deposits ntawm pob zeb siv tau raug ntaus nqi rau ob hom: volcanogenic thiab sedimentary. Cov tom kawg yog nyob rau hauv lub Ordovician deposits. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog pawg Chuvalskaya hauv thaj av Perm. Parnokskoye deposit nyob rau hauv Komi yog heev zoo ib yam li nws. Nws tau pom nyob rau hauv 1987 los ntawm kev ntoj ke mus kawm geological los ntawm Vorkuta. Lub deposit yog nyob rau hauv lub foothills ntawm lub Polar Urals, 70 kilometers ntawm Inta. Qhov kev tsim no nyob rau ntawm ciam teb ntawm av nplaum shales thiab limestones. Muaj ob peb qhov tseem ceeb ore-cov kabmob: Pachvozhsky, Magnitny, Dalniy, thiab Vostochny.
Zoo li lwm qhov tso nyiaj ntawm hom no, Parnok tso nyiaj ntau tshaj carbonate, oxidized thiab manganese pob zeb. Lawv txawv nyob rau hauv qab zib los yog xim av xim thiab muaj xws li rhodonite thiab rhodochrosite. Qib ntawm manganese nyob rau hauv lawv yog hais txog 24%.
Kev nplua nuj ntawm Urals
The Verkhne-Chuval deposits nyob rau hauvPerm cheeb tsam. Brown thiab dub ferromanganese ore yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub qab ntug qaum teb nyob rau hauv oxidation cheeb tsam. Sedimentary deposits yog dav nyob rau sab hnub tuaj txoj kab nqes ntawm lub Urals (Kipchakskoye nyob rau hauv Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam, Akkermanovskoye nyob rau hauv lub Orenburg cheeb tsam). Txoj kev txhim kho tom qab pib thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Loj.
xya caum kilometers ntawm lub peev ntawm Bashkiria, lub nroog ntawm Ufa, yog lub Upper Permian sedimentary deposit Ulu-Telyak. Manganese limestones nyob ntawm no yog qhov txawv ntawm lub teeb xim av. Qhov no feem ntau yog cov khoom siv clastic tsim tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm thawj ores. Nws yog tsim los ntawm vernadite, chalcedony thiab psilomelan.
Hauv cheeb tsam Sverdlovsk muaj Paleogene sedimentary deposits. Qhov loj North Ural phiab sawv ntawm no, ncab rau yuav luag 300 kilometers. Nws muaj qhov pov thawj loj tshaj plaws ntawm manganese ores hauv cheeb tsam. Lub phiab suav nrog kaum tsib deposits. Qhov loj tshaj ntawm lawv yog Ekaterininskoye, Yuzhno-Berezovskoye, Novo-Berezovskoye, Berezovskoye, Yurkinskoye, Marsyatskoye, Ivdelskoye, Lozvinskoye, Tyninskoye. Cov txheej hauv zos tshwm sim ntawm cov xuab zeb, av nplaum, sandstones, siltstones thiab pebbles.
