Crick Francis Harry Compton yog ib qho ntawm ob tus kws tshawb fawb molecular biologist uas tau nthuav tawm qhov tsis paub meej ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv caj ces deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), yog li tso lub hauv paus rau niaj hnub molecular biology. Tom qab qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb no, nws tau txais txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab ntawm cov noob caj noob ces thiab yuav ua li cas cov noob ua haujlwm, nrog rau neuroscience. Tshaj tawm xyoo 1962 Nobel nqi zog hauv Tshuaj nrog James Watson thiab Maurice Wilkins rau kev nthuav qhia cov qauv ntawm DNA.
Francis Crick: biography
Tus tub hlob ntawm ob tug tub, Francis, yug los rau Harry Crick thiab Elizabeth Ann Wilkins thaum Lub Rau Hli 8, 1916 hauv Northampton, England. Nws kawm nyob rau hauv lub gymnasium hauv zos thiab thaum nws tseem hluas pib xav txog kev sim, feem ntau nrog cov tshuaj tawg. Hauv tsev kawm ntawv, nws tau txais ib qho khoom plig rau khaws cov paj ntoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau mob siab rau ntaus pob tesniv, tab sis tsis muaj kev txaus siab rau lwm yam kev ua si thiab kev ua si. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 14 xyoos, Francis tau txais nyiaj pab kawm ntawv los ntawm Mill Hill School nyob rau sab qaum teb London. Plaub xyoos tom qab, thaum 18, nws nkag mus hauv University College. Thaum nws muaj hnub nyoog, nws niam nws txivtsiv ntawm Northampton mus rau Mill Hill, thiab qhov no tau tso cai rau Francis nyob hauv tsev thaum nws kawm. Nws kawm tiav nrog honors hauv physics.
Tom qab kawm tiav qib bachelor's degree, Francis Crick, nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm da Costa Andrade, kawm txog cov dej viscosity nyob rau hauv siab thiab kub siab ntawm University College. Nyob rau hauv 1940, Francis tau txais ib tug pej xeem txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Admir alty, qhov uas nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm anti-ship mines. Thaum ntxov xyoo, Crick sib yuav Ruth Doreen Dodd. Lawv tus tub Michael tau yug los thaum huab cua tawm tsam ntawm London thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 25, 1940. Thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, Francis tau raug xa mus rau kev txawj ntse ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm British Admir alty hauv Whitehall, qhov chaw nws tau koom nrog kev tsim riam phom.
Rau paub tias nws yuav xav tau kev cob qhia ntxiv kom ua tiav nws lub siab xav ua kev tshawb fawb yooj yim, Crick txiav txim siab ua haujlwm ntawm nws Ph. D. Raws li nws, nws tau fascinated los ntawm ob qhov chaw ntawm biology - ciam teb ntawm cov nyob thiab tsis muaj sia nyob thiab cov kev ua ntawm lub hlwb. Crick xaiv tus qub, txawm paub me ntsis txog qhov kev kawm. Tom qab kev kawm ua ntej ntawm University College hauv 1947, nws tau txiav txim siab ntawm qhov kev kawm hauv chav kuaj hauv Cambridge hauv qab Arthur Hughes los ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev lub cev ntawm cytoplasm ntawm nqaij qaib fibroblast kab lis kev cai.
Ob xyoos tom qab, Crick tau koom nrog Pawg Kws Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Kho Mob ntawm Cavendish Laboratory. Nws suav nrog cov kws qhia ntawv AskivMax Perutz thiab John Kendrew (yav tom ntej Nobel laureates). Francis koom tes nrog lawv ostensibly los kawm cov qauv protein, tab sis qhov tseeb los ua haujlwm nrog Watson kom tshem tawm cov qauv DNA.
ob helix
Xyoo 1947, Francis Crick sib nrauj Doreen thiab xyoo 1949 tau sib yuav Odile Speed, tus tub ntxhais kawm kos duab uas nws tau ntsib thaum nws nyob hauv Navy thaum nws nyob hauv Admir alty. Lawv txoj kev sib yuav coincided nrog pib ntawm nws Ph. D. ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv X-ray protein diffraction. Qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev los kawm txog cov qauv siv lead ua ntawm cov molecules, tso cai rau koj los txiav txim cov ntsiab lus ntawm lawv cov qauv peb sab.
Nyob rau xyoo 1941 lub Cavendish Laboratory tau coj los ntawm Sir William Lawrence Bragg, uas tau pib ua X-ray diffraction txheej txheem plaub caug xyoo dhau los. Xyoo 1951, Crick tau koom nrog James Watson, ib tug neeg tuaj saib xyuas Asmeskas uas tau kawm nyob rau hauv Italian kws kho mob Salvador Edward Luria thiab yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm pab pawg kws kho mob uas kawm cov kab mob hu ua bacteriophages.
Zoo li nws cov npoj yaig, Watson tau xav txog kev nthuav tawm cov noob caj noob ces thiab xav tias kev tshem tawm cov qauv DNA yog qhov kev cog lus zoo tshaj plaws. Kev koom tes tsis raug cai ntawm Crick thiab Watson tau tsim los ntawm kev xav zoo sib xws thiab cov txheej txheem xav zoo sib xws. Lawv cov kev paub dhau los tau ua tiav ib leeg. Thaum lawv tau ntsib thawj zaug, Crick paub ntau yam txog X-ray diffraction thiab cov qauv protein, thaum Watson paub zoo txog cov kab mob bacteriophages thiab cov kab mob caj ces.
Franklin Data
Francis Crick thiab James Watsontau paub txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm biochemists Maurice Wilkins thiab Rosalind Franklin ntawm King's College London, uas siv X-ray diffraction los tshawb xyuas cov qauv ntawm DNA. Crick, tshwj xeeb, tau hais kom pab pawg London tsim qauv zoo ib yam li cov tsim los ntawm Linus Pauling hauv Tebchaws Meskas los daws cov teeb meem protein alpha helix. Pauling, leej txiv ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev cog lus tshuaj, qhia tias cov proteins muaj cov qauv peb sab thiab tsis yog cov kab sib txuas ntawm cov amino acids xwb.
Wilkins thiab Franklin, ua yeeb yam ntawm nws tus kheej, nyiam txoj kev sim siab dua rau txoj kev xav, qauv qauv ntawm Pauling, uas tau ua raws los ntawm Francis. Txij li thaum pab pawg ntawm King's College tsis teb lawv cov lus thov, Crick thiab Watson tau mob siab rau ib feem ntawm ob xyoos rau kev sib tham thiab kev xav. Thaum ntxov xyoo 1953, lawv pib tsim cov qauv DNA.
DNA qauv
Siv Franklin X-ray diffraction cov ntaub ntawv, dhau los ntawm ntau qhov kev sim thiab qhov yuam kev, lawv tau tsim cov qauv ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid molecule uas tau ua raws li kev tshawb pom ntawm pawg London thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm biochemist Erwin Chargaff. Hauv xyoo 1950, qhov tom kawg tau pom tias cov txheeb ze ntawm plaub nucleotides uas tsim DNA ua raws qee cov cai, ib qho ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm tus nqi ntawm adenine (A) rau tus nqi ntawm thymine (T) thiab tus nqi ntawm guanine (G.) rau tus nqi ntawm cytosine (C). Qhov kev sib raug zoo no qhia txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm A thiab T thiab G thiab C, tsis lees paub lub tswv yim tias DNA tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li tetranucleotide, uas yog, ib qho yooj yim molecule,suav nrog tag nrho plaub lub hauv paus.
Lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav thiab lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1953, Watson thiab Crick tau sau plaub daim ntawv ntawm cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid, thawj zaug uas tshwm sim lub Plaub Hlis 25 hauv phau ntawv Journal Nature. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm tau nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm Wilkins, Franklin thiab lawv cov npoj yaig, uas tau muab pov thawj kev sim rau tus qauv. Watson yeej qhov ntau thiab muab nws lub npe ua ntej, yog li txuas mus rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tiav nrog Watson Creek ob peb.
Genetic code
Nyob rau ob peb xyoos tom ntej no, Francis Crick tau kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm DNA thiab cov noob caj noob ces. Nws kev koom tes nrog Vernon Ingram coj mus rau kev ua qauv qhia xyoo 1956 ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hemoglobin muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov kab mob cell anemia los ntawm ib txwm los ntawm ib qho amino acid. Txoj kev tshawb no muab pov thawj tias cov kab mob caj ces tuaj yeem txuas rau DNA-protein kev sib raug zoo.
Ib puag ncig tib lub sijhawm, South African geneticist thiab molecular biologist Sydney Brenner koom nrog Crick ntawm Cavendish Laboratory. Lawv pib cuam tshuam nrog "qhov teeb meem coding" - kev txiav txim siab li cas cov kab ke ntawm DNA hauv paus tsim cov kab ke ntawm cov amino acids hauv cov protein. Txoj haujlwm tau nthuav tawm thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1957 nyob rau hauv lub npe "Ntawm Protein Synthesis". Nyob rau hauv nws, Crick tsim lub hauv paus postulate ntawm molecular biology, raws li cov ntaub ntawv xa mus rau ib tug protein tsis tuaj yeem xa rov qab. Nws kwv yees cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov protein los ntawm kev dhau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm DNA rau RNA thiab los ntawm RNA rau cov protein.
InstituteSalk
Nyob rau xyoo 1976, thaum so haujlwm, Crick tau muab txoj haujlwm tas mus li ntawm Salk Institute for Biological Research hauv La Jolla, California. Nws pom zoo thiab ua haujlwm ntawm Salk lub koom haum rau tag nrho nws lub neej, suav nrog ua tus thawj coj. Ntawm no Crick pib kawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hlwb, uas txaus siab rau nws los ntawm qhov pib ntawm nws txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb. Nws feem ntau txhawj xeeb txog kev nco qab thiab sim ua qhov teeb meem no los ntawm kev kawm txog kev pom. Crick luam tawm ntau qhov kev xav txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev npau suav thiab kev mloog, tab sis, raws li nws tau sau hauv nws phau ntawv keeb kwm, nws tseem tsis tau tuaj nrog ib qho kev xav uas yog ob qho tib si tshiab thiab ntseeg tau piav qhia ntau yam kev sim tseeb.
Ib qho kev nthuav qhia ntawm kev ua si ntawm Salk lub koom haum yog kev txhim kho ntawm nws lub tswv yim ntawm "kev coj noj coj ua panspermia". Ua ke nrog Leslie Orgel, nws tau luam tawm ib phau ntawv uas nws hais tias microbes hovered nyob rau hauv qhov chaw sab nraud kom nws thiaj li ncav cuag lub ntiaj teb thiab noob nws, thiab qhov no tau ua tiav los ntawm kev ua ntawm "ib tug neeg." Yog li Francis Crick disproved theory of creationism by demonstrate how speculative idea can be nthuav.
Cov khoom plig kws tshawb fawb
Thaum nws ua haujlwm raws li tus kws tshawb fawb muaj zog ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog biology niaj hnub no, Francis Crick tau sau, txhim kho thiab tsim cov kev sim ua haujlwm ntawm lwm tus thiab coj nws cov kev tshawb pom txawv txawv rau kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Nws txoj kev siv zog tshwj xeeb, ntxiv rau Nobel nqi zog, tau txais nws ntau yam khoom plig. Cov no suav nrog hwmLasker, tus nqi zog Charles Mayer ntawm Fabkis Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Copley Medal ntawm Royal Society. Xyoo 1991, nws tau raug coj mus rau Kev Txiav Txim Siab.
Creek tuag Lub Xya Hli 28, 2004 hauv San Diego thaum muaj hnub nyoog 88 xyoo. Xyoo 2016, lub koom haum Francis Crick tau tsim nyob rau sab qaum teb London. Lub tsev £ 660m tau dhau los ua qhov chaw tshawb fawb biomedical loj tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe.
