Muaj ntau hom ntaub so ntswg sib txawv hauv tib neeg lub cev. Txhua tus ua lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv peb lub neej. Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov ntaub so ntswg. Nws lub ntiajteb txawj nqus yog li ntawm 50% ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm ib tug neeg. Nws yog qhov txuas uas txuas tag nrho cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm peb lub cev. Ntau lub luag haujlwm ntawm tib neeg lub cev nyob ntawm nws lub xeev. Cov ntaub so ntswg sib txawv tau tham hauv qab no.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas, cov qauv thiab cov haujlwm uas tau kawm ntau pua xyoo, yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau lub cev thiab lawv lub cev. Nws lub ntiajteb txawj nqus yog los ntawm 60 mus rau 90% ntawm lawv qhov hnyav. Nws tsim cov thav duab txhawb nqa, hu ua stroma, thiab sab nraud integument ntawm lub cev, hu ua dermis. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas:
- hom keeb kwm los ntawm mesenchyme;
- qauv zoo sib xws;
- kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev txhawb nqa.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg nyuaj yog ntawm hom fibrous. Nws yog tsim los ntawm elastin thiab collagen fibers. Ua ke nrog cov epithelium, cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas yog ib feem ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nwsmuab nws nrog cov nqaij fibers.
Cov ntaub so ntswg sib txawv txawv ntawm lwm tus uas nws tau sawv cev hauv lub cev los ntawm 4 lub xeev sib txawv:
- fibrous (ligaments, tendons, fascia);
- tawv (pob txha);
- gelatinous (mob pob txha, pob qij txha);
- kua (lymph, ntshav; intercellular, synovial, cerebrospinal kua).
Tseem cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg no yog: sarcolemma, rog, extracellular matrix, iris, sclera, microglia.
Cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas
Nws suav nrog cov hlwb tsis muaj zog (fibrocytes, fibroblasts) uas tsim cov khoom tseem ceeb. Nws kuj tseem muaj fibrous formations. Lawv yog cov tshuaj intercellular. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj ntau yam dawb hlwb (rog, wandering, rog, thiab lwm yam). Cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas muaj cov kab mob extracellular matrix (base). Lub jelly-zoo li sib xws ntawm cov tshuaj no yog vim nws muaj pes tsawg leeg. Lub matrix yog ib tug hydrated gel tsim los ntawm macromolecular tebchaw. Lawv tsim txog li 30% ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov tshuaj intercellular. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov seem 70% yog dej.
Kev faib cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas
Kev faib tawm ntawm hom ntaub no nyuaj los ntawm lawv qhov sib txawv. Yog li, nws cov hom tseem ceeb yog subdivided, nyob rau hauv lem, mus rau hauv ob peb cais pawg. Muaj ntau hom:
- Tiag tiag cov ntaub so ntswg, los ntawm cov fibers thiab cov ntaub so ntswg tshwj xeeb raug cais tawm, tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Ua ntejyog muab faib ua: xoob thiab ntom (unformed thiab tsim), thiab qhov thib ob - fatty, reticular, mucous, pigmentary.
- Skeletal, uas muab faib ua pob txha mos thiab pob txha.
- Trophic, uas suav nrog ntshav thiab qog ntshav.
Txhua cov ntaub so ntswg txiav txim siab ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev. Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- Fabric specialization;
- versatility;
- multifunctionality;
- adaptability;
- polymorphism thiab multicomponent.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas
Ntau hom kev sib txuas ua haujlwm ua haujlwm hauv qab no:
- qauv;
- kom dej- ntsev tshuav;
- trophic;
- kev tiv thaiv ntawm pob txha taub hau;
- formative (piv txwv li, lub qhov muag zoo li txiav txim siab los ntawm sclera);
- kom ntseeg tau qhov sib xws ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg permeability;
- musculoskeletal (cartilaginous thiab pob txha cov ntaub so ntswg, aponeuroses thiab tendons);
- tiv thaiv (immunology thiab phagocytosis);
- yas (hloov rau ib puag ncig tshiab, kho qhov txhab);
- homeostatic (kev koom tes hauv cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev).
Hauv kev nkag siab dav dav ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas:
- shaping tib neeg lub cev rau hauv cov duab, ruaj khov, muaj zog;
- tiv thaiv, npog thiab txuas cov kabmob hauv nruab nrog cev rau ib leeg.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb muaj nyob hauv cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuasintercellular tshuaj txhawb. Nws lub hauv paus ua kom cov metabolism hauv ib txwm muaj. Lub paj hlwb thiab cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas muab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev thiab ntau lub cev, nrog rau lawv txoj cai.
qauv ntawm ntau hom ntaub
Cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg sib txawv nyob ntawm nws hom. Nws muaj cov cell sib txawv thiab cov khoom sib txuas. Ib tug txawv feature ntawm xws li cov ntaub so ntswg yog nws siab regenerative muaj peev xwm. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm plasticity thiab kev hloov pauv zoo rau kev hloov ib puag ncig. Txhua hom kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg loj hlob thiab tsim los ntawm kev tsim tawm thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tsis muaj qhov sib txawv. Lawv tshwm sim los ntawm mesenchyme, uas yog cov ntaub so ntswg embryonic tsim los ntawm mesoderm (nruab nrab kab mob txheej).
Cov tshuaj intercellular, hu ua extracellular matrix, muaj ntau yam sib txawv (inorganic thiab organic). Nws yog nyob ntawm lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab ntau qhov sib xws ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg txuas. Cov tshuaj xws li cov ntshav thiab cov qog ntshav muaj cov tshuaj intercellular hauv cov kua, hu ua plasma. Cov pob txha mos matrix muaj daim ntawv gel. Cov tshuaj intercellular ntawm cov pob txha thiab cov leeg fibers yog cov khoom insoluble.
Lub extracellular matrix yog sawv cev los ntawm cov proteins xws li elastin thiab collagen, glycoproteins thiab proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Nws tuaj yeem suav nrog cov txheej txheem proteins laminin thiab fibronectin.
Txoj kev sib txuas thiab ntom ntomkhaub ncaws
Cov hom kab mob sib txuas no muaj cov cell thiab extracellular matrix. Muaj ntau ntau ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv xoob tshaj nyob rau hauv ntom. Lub tom kawg yog dominated los ntawm ntau fibers. Cov haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov piv ntawm cov cell thiab cov khoom sib txuas. Cov ntaub so ntswg xoob ua haujlwm feem ntau trophic. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws kuj koom nrog kev ua haujlwm musculoskeletal. Cartilaginous, pob txha thiab densely fibrous connective cov ntaub so ntswg ua ib tug musculoskeletal muaj nuj nqi nyob rau hauv lub cev. Tus so - trophic thiab tiv thaiv.
Cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas
Loose unformed fibrous connective cov ntaub so ntswg, cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm uas tau txiav txim los ntawm nws cov hlwb, muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kabmob. Hauv ntau ntawm lawv, nws tsim lub hauv paus (stroma). Nws muaj collagen thiab elastic fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, thiab plasma cell. Cov ntaub so ntswg no nrog rau cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub circulatory system. Los ntawm nws cov fibers xoob, cov txheej txheem ntawm cov metabolism hauv cov ntshav nrog cov hlwb tshwm sim, thaum lub sijhawm hloov cov khoom noj los ntawm nws mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg tshwm sim.
Muaj 3 hom fibers hauv cov tshuaj intercellular:
- Collagens uas mus rau qhov sib txawv. Cov fibers no muaj daim ntawv ncaj thiab wavy strands (constrictions). Lawv thickness yog 1-4 microns.
- Elastic, uas yog me ntsis thicker dua collagen fibers. Lawv txuas (anastomose) nrog ib leeg, tsim ib lub network dav.
- Reticular, txawv los ntawm lawv cov subtlety. Lawv intertwined hauv ib mesh.
Cov ntsiab lus cellular ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg xoob yog:
- Fibroplasts yog ntau tshaj. Lawv zoo li spindle. Ntau ntawm lawv yog nruab nrog cov txheej txheem. Fibroplasts muaj peev xwm sib npaug. Lawv koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg, ua lub hauv paus ntawm nws cov fibers. Cov hlwb no tsim cov elastin thiab collagen, nrog rau lwm yam tshuaj muaj feem xyuam rau lub hlwb matrix. Inactive fibroblasts hu ua fibrocytes. Fibroclasts yog cov hlwb uas zom tau thiab nqus tau cov cellular matrix. Lawv yog cov laus fibroblasts.
- Macrophages, uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv, elongated thiab tsis xwm yeem hauv cov duab. Cov hlwb no tuaj yeem nqus thiab zom cov kab mob thiab cov ntaub so ntswg tuag, thiab neutralize co toxins. Lawv ncaj qha koom nrog hauv kev tsim kev tiv thaiv. Lawv muab faib ua histocytes (quiescent) thiab dawb (wandering) hlwb. Macrophages yog qhov txawv los ntawm lawv lub peev xwm rau amoeboid txav. Los ntawm lawv cov keeb kwm, lawv yog cov ntshav monocytes.
- Cov roj ntsha muaj peev xwm khaws cov khoom cia hauv cytoplasm hauv daim ntawv tee. Lawv muaj cov duab kheej kheej thiab muaj peev xwm hloov pauv lwm yam qauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ntom adipose ntaub so ntswg yog tsim. Nws tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm tshav kub. Hauv tib neeg, cov ntaub so ntswg adipose feem ntau nyob hauv qab ntawm daim tawv nqaij, nruab nrab ntawm cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev, hauv omentum. Nws muab faib ua dawb thiab xim av.
- Plasma cells pom hauv cov ntaub so ntswgplab hnyuv, pob txha pob txha thiab lymph nodes. Cov qauv me me no txawv ntawm lawv cov duab puag ncig lossis oval. Lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm antibodies. Plasma cells tsim cov ntshav globulins, uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev.
- Mast cells, feem ntau hu ua cov ntaub so ntswg basophils, yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lawv cov granularity. Lawv cytoplasm muaj cov granules tshwj xeeb. Lawv tuaj ntau yam duab. Cov hlwb no nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm tag nrho cov kabmob uas muaj ib txheej ntawm unformed xoob connective ntaub so ntswg. Lawv suav nrog cov tshuaj xws li heparin, hyaluronic acid, histamine. Lawv lub hom phiaj ncaj qha yog kev tso tawm ntawm cov tshuaj no thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm microcirculation hauv cov ntaub so ntswg. Lawv raug suav tias yog lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab teb rau txhua qhov kev mob thiab kev tsis haum tshuaj. Cov ntaub so ntswg basophils yog concentrated nyob ib ncig ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab lymph nodes, nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij, nyob rau hauv cov pob txha pob txha, spleen.
- Pigmented cells (melanocytes), muaj cov ceg zoo heev. Lawv muaj melanin. Cov hlwb no muaj nyob hauv daim tawv nqaij thiab iris ntawm lub qhov muag. Los ntawm keeb kwm, ectodermal hlwb raug cais tawm, nrog rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov hu ua neural crest.
- Cov hlwb uas nyob hauv cov hlab ntsha (capillaries). Lawv txawv los ntawm lawv cov duab elongated thiab muaj lub hauv paus tseem ceeb. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem sib ntxiv thiab hloov mus rau lwm yam. Nws yog ntawm lawv cov nuj nqis uas cov hlwb tuag ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg rov qab.
Ntxim fibrous cov ntaub so ntswg
Tissue hais txog cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas:
- Dense unformed, uas muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm densely spaced fibers. Nws kuj suav nrog qee lub hlwb nyob nruab nrab ntawm lawv.
- Densely tsim, tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev npaj tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas. Nws yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm ligaments thiab lwm yam tsim hauv lub cev. Piv txwv li, cov leeg yog tsim los ntawm nruj nreem sib npaug sib npaug pob khoom ntawm collagen fibers, qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom siv hauv av thiab nyias nyias. Cov hom no ntom cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas muaj tsuas yog fibrocytes.
Elastic fibrous cov ntaub so ntswg kuj raug cais tawm ntawm nws, ntawm cov ligaments (lub suab) yog tsim. Ntawm cov no, lub plhaub ntawm cov hlab ntsha puag ncig, cov phab ntsa ntawm lub trachea thiab bronchi yog tsim. Nyob rau hauv lawv, flattened los yog tuab, rounded elastic fibers khiav parallel, thiab ntau ntawm lawv yog branched. Qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog nyob los ntawm xoob, tsis muaj ntaub so ntswg.
pob txha mos
Cov pob txha mos sib txuas yog tsim los ntawm cov hlwb thiab ntau cov khoom sib txuas. Nws yog tsim los ua ib lub tshuab ua haujlwm. Muaj 2 hom cell uas tsim cov ntaub so ntswg:
- Oval-shaped chondrocytes nrog lub nucleus. Lawv nyob rau hauv capsules nyob ib ncig ntawm cov tshuaj intercellular faib.
- Chondroblasts, uas yog flattened hluas hlwb. Lawv nyob raupob txha mos periphery.
Cov kws tshaj lij faib cov pob txha mos ua 3 hom:
- Hyaline pom nyob rau hauv ntau yam hauv nruab nrog cev xws li tav, pob qij txha, pa. Cov tshuaj intercellular ntawm cov pob txha mos yog translucent. Nws muaj ib qho kev ntxhib los mos. Cov pob txha mos hyaline yog them los ntawm perichondrium. Nws muaj ib tug xiav-dawb tint. Lub cev pob txha ntawm lub embryo muaj nws.
- Elastic, uas yog lub tsev khoom siv ntawm lub larynx, epiglottis, phab ntsa ntawm sab nraud auditory kwj dej, lub cartilaginous ib feem ntawm lub auricle, me me bronchi. Nyob rau hauv nws cov khoom intercellular muaj tsim elastic fibers. Tsis muaj calcium nyob rau hauv cov pob txha mos.
- Collagen, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm intervertebral discs, menisci, pubic articulation, sternoclavicular thiab mandibular pob qij txha. Nws cov extracellular matrix suav nrog cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas zoo nkauj, muaj cov pob sib txuas ntawm collagen fibers.
Cov ntaub so ntswg no, tsis hais qhov chaw nyob hauv lub cev, muaj kev tiv thaiv tib yam. Nws hu ua perichondrium. Nws muaj cov ntaub so ntswg ntom ntom, uas suav nrog elastic thiab collagen fibers. Nws muaj ntau cov hlab ntsha thiab cov hlab ntsha. Cov pob txha mos loj hlob vim yog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm perichondrium. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv muaj peev xwm hloov tau sai. Cov txheej txheem no tig mus rau hauv cov pob txha mos. Cov ntaub no muaj nws tus yam ntxwv. Yog li, lub extracellular matrix ntawm cov pob txha laus laus tsis muaj cov hlab ntsha; yog li ntawd, nws cov khoom noj yog nqa tawm nrog kev pab los ntawmdiffusion ntawm cov khoom los ntawm perichondrium. Cov ntaub no yog qhov txawv ntawm nws qhov yooj yim, nws tiv taus siab thiab muaj qhov muag txaus.
Cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm pob txha
Cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas yog qhov nyuaj tshwj xeeb. Qhov no yog vim calcification ntawm nws cov khoom intercellular. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov pob txha txuas txuas yog musculoskeletal. Tag nrho cov pob txha ntawm lub cev pob txha yog tsim los ntawm nws. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb:
- Osteocytes (pob txha hlwb), uas muaj cov txheej txheem nyuaj. Lawv muaj ib tug compact tsaus core. Cov hlwb no muaj nyob rau hauv cov pob txha kab noj hniav uas ua raws li cov duab ntawm osteocytes. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog cov tshuaj intercellular. Cov hlwb no tsis tuaj yeem tsim dua tshiab.
- Osteoblasts, uas yog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov pob txha. Lawv yog cov puag ncig. Ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj ntau cores. Osteoblasts muaj nyob rau hauv lub periosteum.
- Osteoclasts yog cov cell loj multinucleated koom nrog hauv kev tawg ntawm calcified pob txha thiab pob txha mos. Thoob plaws hauv tib neeg lub neej, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg no tshwm sim. Ib txhij nrog cov txheej txheem lwj, tsim cov ntsiab lus tshiab tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab hauv periosteum. Osteoclasts thiab osteoblasts koom nrog hauv qhov kev hloov cell complex.
pob txha cov ntaub so ntswg muaj cov tshuaj intercellular, muaj cov ntsiab lus amorphous. Nws muaj ossein fibers uas tsis pom nyob rau hauv lwm yam kabmob. Cov ntaub so ntswg txuas yog hais txog cov ntaub so ntswg:
- nplua nuj fibrous, tam sim no nyob rau hauv embryo;
- lamellar, muaj rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus.
Cov ntaub so ntswg no muaj xws li cov txheej txheem xws li pob txha phaj. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov hlwb nyob hauv cov tshuaj ntsiav tshwj xeeb. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv muaj ib tug nplua-fibrous intercellular tshuaj, uas muaj calcium ntsev. Ossein fibers, uas yog cov tuab tuab, yog txheej txheem sib npaug rau ib leeg hauv cov pob txha daim hlau. Lawv dag nyob rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nyob rau hauv cov pob txha nyob sib ze, cov fibers muaj kev taw qhia perpendicular mus rau lwm yam. Qhov no ua kom ruaj khov ntawm cov ntaub no ntau dua.
pob txha daim hlau nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub cev yog teem rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim. Lawv yog cov khoom tsim ntawm tag nrho cov tiaj tiaj, tubular thiab cov pob txha sib xyaw. Nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm lawv, daim hlau yog lub hauv paus ntawm complex systems. Piv txwv li, cov pob txha tubular muaj 3 txheej:
- Txheej, nyob rau hauv uas cov phiaj nyob rau saum npoo yog overlapped los ntawm cov txheej txheem tom ntej no. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis tsim cov nplhaib ua tiav.
- Nruab nrab, tsim los ntawm osteons, uas cov pob txha daim hlau tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lawv tau teem concentrically.
- Internal, uas ib txheej ntawm cov pob txha daim hlau txwv qhov chaw uas cov pob txha nyob.
Cov pob txha loj hlob thiab rov tsim ua tsaug rau periosteum uas npog lawv cov txheej txheem sab nrauv, muaj cov ntaub so ntswg zoo-fibrous thiab osteoblasts. Mineral ntsev txiav txim siab lawv lub zog. Nrog rau qhov tsis muaj cov vitamins lossis hormonal ntshawv siab, cov ntsiab lus calcium txo qis. Cov pob txha tsim cov pob txha. Ua ke nrog cov pob qij txha, lawv sawv cev rau lub cev musculoskeletal.
Kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg tsis muaj zog
Tsis muaj zog ntawm collagen fibers, tsis muaj zog ntawm ligamentous apparatus tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob loj xws li scoliosis, ko taw tiaj, sib koom ua ke hypermobility, prolapse ntawm lub cev, retinal detachment, ntshav kab mob, sepsis, osteoporosis, osteochondrosis, gangrene, edema, rheumatism, cellulitis. Ntau tus kws tshaj lij qhia txog kev tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog rau cov kab mob pathological ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas, vim tias cov hlab ntsha thiab lymphatic yog lub luag haujlwm rau nws.
