Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom yog hu ua nws cov khoom. Lawv yog manifested nyob rau hauv kev tsim, cia, noj, nqi. Quantitative thiab qualitative indicators, As muaj ib los yog ntau yam khoom. Qhov kawg, nyob rau hauv lem, yuav complex los yog yooj yim. Cov yav tas muaj xws li ib tug complex ntawm nta uas manifest lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub aggregate. Piv txwv li, cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig muaj ntau yam tsis zoo: kev zom zaub mov, lub zog, lom neeg, nrog rau kev siv lub cev zoo rau cov neeg siv khoom.
Quantitative and qualitative indicators: general information
Txhua yam khoom muaj nws tus kheej ntau yam ntawm qhov ntsuas. Nws nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom, cov xwm txheej uas lawv tsim thiab ua haujlwm, thiab lwm yam. Indicators yuav qhia tau nyob rau hauv ntau yam units. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem yog ib lub 'meter', kilogram, pieces, vib nas this, km / h, watt, thib ob, thiab lwm yam. Tseem muaj cov pa units uas qhov kev ntsuam xyuas zoontsuas. Cov no suav nrog ruble, tus qhab nia, feem pua ntawm cov neeg pov npav, thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, units tuaj yeem tsis muaj qhov dav - qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim, piv txwv li. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kev xav tau, cov ntsuas kev ua tau zoo tau suav nrog hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv rau cov khoom tsim thiab cov xwm txheej.
Kev tsim cov tsis muaj
Qhov kawg tsim ntawm nomenclature ntawm cov ntsuas yog nqa tawm ntawm cov khoom tsim theem, txij li nws nyob ntawm no uas lawv tau suav nrog hauv kev tsim (tus qauv). Cov kev ntsuas yog tom qab ntawd siv thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom. Nyob rau theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm, cov cim qhia tau zoo qhia txog cov neeg siv khoom ntawm cov khoom. Parameters dhau los ua ib tus neeg tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom, paub qhov txawv ntawm lwm yam khoom. Yog li, lawv ua rau cov khoom sib tw thiab ntxim nyiam. Cov khoom tsis, nyob rau hauv lem, muaj kev cuam tshuam cov kev ntsuas zoo ntawm lub enterprise. Tshwj xeeb, peb tab tom tham txog kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom, lub siab xav ua kom tau raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau, kev siv cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub, thiab lwm yam.
lub sijhawm tseem ceeb
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qhov kev ntshaw coj mus rau hauv tus account ntau npaum li qhov ua tau rau cov khoom ua tiav ntau tshaj plaws ua rau kev tsim cov haujlwm nyuaj. Hauv qhov no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tawm tsuas yog cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm qee yam ntawm cov khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, rau qee yam kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm, muaj qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo ntsuas. Qhov no feem ntau cuam tshuam txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom.
Yam tsawg kawg nkaus tso cai txwvcov kev cai yog tsim los ntawm cov kev cai ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm tsoom fwv. Lawv raug tso cai los ua kom muaj kev tswj xyuas zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom. Xws li, tshwj xeeb, suav nrog Rospotrebnadzor, Gosgortekhnadzor thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, yog tias cov khoom raug npaj rau kev muag khoom los ntawm qee pawg neeg pej xeem lossis tuaj yeem muag rau lawv txhua txoj hauv kev, tom qab ntawd cov kev ntsuas zoo ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum ua raws li cov qauv ntxiv uas tau muab los ntawm txoj cai lij choj uas tiv thaiv cov neeg siv khoom muaj cai.
Cov kev xav tau yooj yim
ntsuas qhov zoo yuav tsum:
- Pom pom cov khoom ntawm cov txheej txheem lossis khoom siv.
- Yuav muaj zog tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam random.
- Yuav kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog kev ua tau zoo, thaum lwm qhov ntsuas tseem nyob tas li.
- Ua siab rau kev hloov pauv khoom.
- Yooj yim los txhais, tswj thiab ntsuas.
- Tau raws cov khoom tshaj tawm.
Lub npe ntawm qhov ntsuas yog qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom. Piv txwv li, qhov loj feem ntawm cov khoom qhuav. Tus nqi ntawm ib qho parameter yog qhov tshwm sim tau los ntawm kev ntsuas qhov zoo thiab qhov ntau. Nws yog siv los txiav txim txog kev ua raws cai lossis tsis ua raws li cov cai. Tus nqi kuj tseem siv tau thaum hais txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntsuas. Piv txwv li: Pawg feem ntawm cov khoom qhuav - 9%. Qhov ntsuas tau zoo los ntawm lub npe tau muab faib ua pawg raws li cov khoom lossis lub hom phiaj lawv piav qhia.
Kev faib tawm
Nyob ntawm cov khoom piav qhia, qhov ntsuas tau zoo yog:
- Single. Cov kev txwv no qhia txog cov khoom yooj yim ntawm cov khoom. Piv txwv li, lawv suav nrog acidity, kev ncaj ncees, zoo, xim, thiab lwm yam.
- Complex. Cov kev ntsuas zoo no txiav txim siab cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov khoom. Yog li, lub xeev ntawm cov qhob cij crumb yog qhov nyuaj uas piav qhia txog elasticity, porosity, xim, thiab lwm yam.
- Integral. Lawv yog cov cim qhia txog kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev siv cov khoom. Lawv raug tsim los ua qhov sib piv ntawm tag nrho cov nqi hluav taws xob los ntawm kev ua haujlwm mus rau cov nqi tsim, tsim khoom, kev lag luam, khaws cia thiab siv. Cov ntsuas kev ua tau zoo feem ntau yog siv hauv kev suav yooj yim ntawm kev sib tw ntawm cov khoom.
Kev ntsuas ntsuas
Rau lub hauv paus no, tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig tau muab faib ua:
- Basic, coj los ua lub hauv paus rau kev sib piv cov ntsuas zoo. Piv txwv li, nws yuav yog xim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv, uas sib haum rau cov xim ntawm cov hmoov nplej ntawm ib qib twg. Raws li qhov ntsuas tau zoo, cov qauv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov khoom zoo sib xws tuaj yeem siv tau, cuam tshuam txog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho tshiab, nrog rau suav nrog hauv cov qauv lossis kev cai lij choj.
- Defining. Cov ntsuas no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ntsuas qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom. Cov no suav nrog ntau qhov kev ntsuas organoleptic. Yog li, rau ntau yam khoom, qhov kev txiav txim siab zoo yog qhov chaw sab nraudsaib. Cov pawg no kuj suav nrog cov ntxhiab tsw thiab saj ntawm cov khoom noj, xim, lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg (feem feem ntawm ethyl cawv, rog, qhuav tivthaiv, thiab lwm yam).
Nqis
Txhua qhov ntsuas saum toj no yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm qee qhov kev txwv. Cov txiaj ntsig no tau muab faib ua:
- Ntxhais.
- Limit.
- Regulated.
- zoo.
- siv tau.
Kev ua tiav qib siab zoo ntawm cov ntsuas kev ua tau zoo qhia tau tias muaj kev txaus siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib koom ntawm cov kev xav tau uas ua rau qhov no lossis qhov ntsuas ntawd. Yog li, qhov zoo tshaj plaws tus nqi ntawm cov cuab yeej xws li "zoo li zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo" yog piav qhia los ntawm cov xim, cov duab, qhuav thiab huv si saum npoo ntawm ntau yam ntuj tsim, tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj. Optimality nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav qhia tau hais tias tag nrho cov kev txaus siab ntawm lub cev xav tau kev pab rau lub functionality ntawm cov khoom, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab kev nyab xeeb - vim tsis muaj microbiological puas, mycotoxins. Heev feem ntau, xws li tus nqi yog siv raws li tus qauv tsim los ntawm cov qauv. Hauv qhov no, nws tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tswj hwm.
Qhov txiaj ntsig zoo yog qhov xav tau tshaj plaws, tab sis hauv kev xyaum lawv tsis tas yuav tau txais. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, thaum lub sij hawm soj ntsuam ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov ntsuas yog nqa tawm, qhov tseeb theem yog tsim. Nws pom los ntawm ib qho lossis ntau qhov kev ntsuas. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib hom roj, qhov loj feem ntawm cov roj yog 80.5%, thiab nyob rau hauv lwm yam - 82.5%. Cov txiaj ntsig tau teev tseg yog suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Txoj kev tswj hwm yog tsim los ntawm cov cai tswj kev lag luam tam sim no. Yog li, cov ntsiab lus rog rau butter, piv txwv li, yog txiav txim siab los ntawm GOST thiab yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog 82%. Tus nqi no yog ib txhij txiav txim siab tswj thiab txwv. Cov lus txhais kawg qhia tau hais tias ntau tshaj lossis txo qis rau qib uas tau teev tseg yog suav tias yog tsis ua raws li tus qauv.
Limit tus nqi
Nws tuaj yeem ua tau ntau yam (los ntawm thiab mus), siab tshaj (tsis muaj ntxiv) lossis yam tsawg kawg (tsis tsawg). Cov yav tas yog siv thaum qhov taw qhia muab kev txhim kho zoo. Hauv qhov piv txwv saum toj no, cov roj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov roj yog qhov tseem ceeb rau nws qhov zoo. Ntxiv mus, qhov siab dua qib, qhov ntau dua tus nqi ntawm cov khoom. Raws li, yog hais tias tus nqi tsis ncav cuag, qhov zoo deteriorates. Cov qib siab tshaj plaws yog teem rau cov kev txwv uas txo cov neeg siv khoom yog tias cov kev txwv ntau dhau. Qhov tsis sib xws uas tshwm sim los ntawm qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj lossis tsis zoo uas tiv thaiv kev siv cov khoom rau nws lub hom phiaj lossis txo nws txoj kev nyab xeeb. Hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo li no, cov khoom yuav tsis tsim nyog, txaus ntshai rau kev noj, thiab yuav tsum tau rov ua dua lossis rhuav tshem.
Tib lub sijhawm, muaj ntau qhov ntsuas uas, txawm hais tias lawv ua rau qhov tsis zoo, tab sis yog tias lawv cov txiaj ntsig tau dhau, tsis txhob ua rau cov khoom txaus ntshai rau kev noj ncaj qha. Xws li cov kev txwv, piv txwv li, suav nrog feem ntau ntawm cov dej hauv cov zaub movkhoom. Nrog nws cov ntsiab lus nce, tus nqi ntawm cov khoom txo qis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, dej tsis cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev nyab xeeb, tab sis yog tias nws qhov loj me feem ntau dhau lawm, qee yam khoom tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij. Qhov no yog vim muaj kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm microbiological spoilage.
Range qhov tseem ceeb tau teeb tsa thaum ob qho tib si dhau los thiab poob qis dua qhov txwv tsis pub ua kom tsis zoo. Piv txwv li, qhov loj ntawm cov hauv paus zaub ntug hauv paus tsis tsawg dua 2 thiab tsis pub ntau tshaj 6 cm. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tsis tshua zoo khaws cia. Cov qoob loo hauv paus loj dua rau centimeters tau txo cov khoom noj khoom haus.
Kev ua siab ntev
Lawv xa mus rau qhov txwv tsis pub muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov zoo. Kev tso cai sib txawv tsim kom muaj qib normalized tsis ua raws li kev tswj hwm lossis kev pom zoo. Cov nqi no yog siv rau ntau yam khoom. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias nrog kev txhim kho niaj hnub ntawm kev siv tshuab thiab thev naus laus zis nws yog qhov nyuaj heev thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los tsim cov khoom lag luam tsuas yog nrog cov kev txwv zoo tshaj plaws. Ntau qhov kam rau ua tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau cov neeg siv khoom. Kev poob qis tsuas yog thaum muaj qhov sib txawv no dhau lawm.
Tus nqi txheeb ze
Qhov kev txwv no yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov piv ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov tseeb rau qhov kev tswj hwm lossis ib qho yooj yim. Xav txogpiv txwv nrog qhov loj feem ntawm cov rog hauv butter. Tus nqi tiag tiag yog 83%, tus nqi pib yog 82.5%. Qhov ntsuas txheeb ze yuav yog: 1.06% (83/82.5). Cov qib zoo yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev sib piv cov nqi tiag tiag nrog lub hauv paus sawv daws yuav rau ib qho parameter. Thaum nws tau tsim, cov khoom ntawm cov qauv khoom ntawm cov tuam ntxhab zoo tshaj plaws hauv tsev lossis txawv teb chaws tuaj yeem siv los ua lub hauv paus.
Qualitative economic indicators
Cov kev ntsuas no suav nrog:
- Ntaus ntawm cov tuam txhab thiab cov muag khoom ntawm cov khoom.
- Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom, suav nrog cov nqi ntawm kev lag luam cuam tshuam nrog nws tso tawm, kev lag luam thiab kev saib xyuas tom qab.
- Tus nqi khoom (suav thiab muag).
- Tus nqi siv nyiaj txiag. Lawv feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm ntau yam kev txiav tawm (cov se, kev them nyiaj rau emissions, nqi tuav pov hwm, thiab lwm yam) thiab cov nqi:
- Kev siv hluav taws xob, kev ua haujlwm thiab kev siv.
- Cov khoom siv (cov roj teeb, roj av, thiab lwm yam), cov cuab yeej thiab khoom siv.
- Kev pabcuam (nyiaj them rau kev qhia, nyiaj hli rau kev ruaj ntseg, thiab lwm yam).
- Kev pov tseg thiab kho (them nyiaj rau cov kev pabcuam ntawm kev cob qhia kev lav phib xaub, kho, rhuav tshem, tshem tawm mus rau qhov chaw pov tseg lossis chaw ua haujlwm).
Technical parameters
Lawv tau sawv cev los ntawm ntau pawg thiab qhia lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom kom ua tau raws li nws txoj haujlwm. Cov no suav nrog cov kev xav tau:
- Kev ua tau zoo. Lawv suav nrog cov kev txwv ntawm lub zog xav tau, tsim kev ceev,lub peev xwm thauj khoom thiab lwm yam uas piav qhia txog kev ua haujlwm.
- Kev ua haujlwm. Cov ntsuas no qhia txog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv rau lawv lub hom phiaj. Piv txwv li, cov no tuaj yeem yog lub zog (kev ua tau zoo), kinematic (qhov tseeb ntawm kev txav), lub zog thiab lwm yam tsis muaj.
- Kev tsim kho. Lawv piav qhia, piv txwv li, qhov ntev, qhov hnyav thiab lwm yam zoo ntawm tus qauv.
Cov ntsuas kev ntseeg tau kuj raug xa mus rau cov kws tshaj lij. Lawv muab cov khoom xws li:
- Kev ntseeg.
- Repairable.
- Durability.
- Kev nyab xeeb.
Specifications suav nrog tab sis tsis txwv rau:
1. Ergonomics. Lawv piav qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom raws li lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg thiab tshuab, muaj peev xwm tswj xyuas kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov pej xeem los ntawm kev siv yooj yim dua vim kev ua raws li kev nyiam huv, psycho-physiological, anthropometric thiab lwm yam qauv.
2. Multifunctionality. Nws sawv cev rau kev muaj peev xwm siv cov khoom lag luam sib txawv thiab ua haujlwm.
3. Kev ruaj ntseg. Nws characterizes lub exclusion ntawm tej zaum yuav raug xwm txheej nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm ib txwm ua hauj lwm thiab unskilled ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub sab nraud ib puag ncig thiab tib neeg, nyob rau hauv huab thiab xwm txheej ceev, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm kev tsim khoom nyob rau hauv dog dig industries thiab txaus ntshai industries. Hom kev ruaj ntseg suav nrog:
- Kev tua hluav taws.
- Sanitary.
- Nyob zoo.
- Electromagnetic.
- hluav taws xob.
- Magnetic.
- Mechanical.
- Radiation.
- tshuaj.
4. Environmental friendliness. Nws cov cim qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom kom muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam nrog ib puag ncig ntawm ntau yam kab mob nyob thiab cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig thiab kev sib pauv ntawm lub zog nrog lawv, tso tawm cov cua sov), cov khoom (clogging los ntawm combustion khoom, roj leaks, thiab lwm yam)..), teeb liab (tsim suab nrov, xuav, thiab lwm yam)..
5. Kev zoo nkauj. Nws koom nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev zoo nkauj hauv cov tsos ntawm cov khoom. Aesthetic tsis muaj xws li, piv txwv li, rationality ntawm daim ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv expressiveness, stability ntawm tsos, perfection ntawm kev ua tau zoo, kev ncaj ncees.
6. Kev siv cov ntsuas. Lawv piav qhia yuav ua li cas pov tseg cov khoom thaum kawg ntawm kev siv thaum lub sij hawm dismantling thiab kev puas tsuaj tiag tiag.
Tsim thiab thev naus laus zis tsis tau
Lawv piav qhia txog kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem siv. Pawg no suav nrog:
- Levels of standardization, continuity, unification.
- Manufacturability parameters. Lawv piav qhia txog qhov ua tau ntawm kev tsim cov khoom lag luam nrog tus nqi qis tshaj plaws thiab nyob rau lub sijhawm luv tshaj plaws.
- Qhov taw qhia ntawm kev thauj mus los. Lawv piav qhia txog qhov muaj peev xwm txav khoom hauv qhov chaw nrog tus nqi tsawg. Tshwj xeeb, peb tab tom tham txog kev txav ntawm cov khoom hauv lub khw, los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom mus rau tus neeg muag khoom thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau tus neeg yuav khoom, thiab lwm yam.
- Kev nyab xeeb. Nws characterizeslub peev xwm ntawm ib yam khoom tsis yog nyob ntawm qhov kev tsis zoo ntawm ntau yam sab nraud (kev mob siab, kev sib tsoo, huab cua).
Patent Law Parameters
Cov ntsuas no qhia txog qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom raws li txoj cai. Hauv tshwj xeeb, cov kev ntsuas piav qhia txog patent purity thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov khoom. Cov no suav nrog qib ntawm kev siv cov kev daws teeb meem uas tsis suav nrog patents, thiab qib kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab thev naus laus zis hauv Lavxias Federation thiab cov teb chaws ntawm kev npaj xa tawm.
