Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "epigraphy" yog "xa mus rau cov ntawv sau". Nws yog muab los ntawm Greek "epigraphe" - "inscription". Muaj ntau qhov chaw ntawm nws daim ntawv thov. Piv txwv li, niaj hnub epigraphy yog ib phau ntawm inscriptions uas yog nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov kev kawm ib puag ncig. Nws tuaj yeem yog cov paib, kos npe ntawm lub qhov rooj, taw tes, cov ntawv sau. Niaj hnub nimno epigraphy tsis yog lub npe ntawm kev qhuab qhia scientific, tab sis yog ib qho khoom ntawm kev kawm nyob rau hauv linguistics. Peb yuav txaus siab rau qhov sib txawv kiag li - keeb kwm.
Dab tsi yog kev tshawb fawb epigraphy
Muaj ntau pawg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm sau tseg. Thaum kawm lawv, ib tug tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj kev pabcuam keeb kwm kev qhuab qhia, uas muab cov kws tshawb fawb nrog rau tag nrho cov arsenal ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm ntau haiv neeg sciences. Muaj ntau yam khoom zoo li no, thiab lawv cov lej nce ntxiv nrog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm qhov chaw.
Ib qho ntawm cov kev qhuab qhia no yog epigraphy. Qhov no yog ib ceg ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb uas kawm inscriptions ntawm monuments ntawm yav dhau los ua los ntawm cov khoom siv. Pob zeb, pob txha, hlau, ntoo, av nplaum khoom yog txaus siab rau epigraphy nyob rau hauv uasyog hais tias muaj khawb, embossed los yog chased inscriptions rau lawv. Qhov tseeb yog tias txhua yam cuam tshuam rau cov khoom siv (engraving, carving cov ntawv ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm ntoo) muab lub monument tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb nta. Lawv feem ntau nyob ntawm qhov xwm ntawm cov khoom, kev kho saum npoo thiab kev sau ntawv. Piv txwv li, lub ntsej muag zoo li lub ntsej muag ntawm Mesopotamian sau cov cim yog vim li cas lawv tau thov: nrog lub taw taw lossis ntoo, cov paib tau nyem rau hauv cov av nplaum mos.
Cuneiform pib los ntawm kev sau cov duab, raws li cov ntawv tau dhau los ua nyuaj, "cov haujlwm ntim" ntawm cov kws sau ntawv tau nce thiab kev sau ntawv nrawm nce, cov duab tau yooj yim, thiab vim li ntawd, kev sau ntawv tau txais nws cov yam ntxwv zoo.
Epigraphist, siv cov cuab yeej ntawm kev hais lus, kev tshawb fawb txog kab lis kev cai, keeb kwm kos duab, kev sau ntawv - qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb - thiab ua kev txhais lus (yog tias ua tau). Cov ntawv nyeem, yog tias nws tuaj yeem nyeem tau, yuav tsum nkag siab meej nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim kev sau ntawv thiab cov lus ntawm ib lub sijhawm. Piv txwv li, ib tug yuav tsum tsis txhob sim nyeem cov inscription ntawm lub xyoo pua 5 BC. e. nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm lub xyoo pua 10 AD. e. Yog li, cov teeb meem nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm ntau qhov kev qhuab qhia thiab raug daws nyob rau hauv qhov txwv ntawm kev siv ntawm cov kev siv los ntawm kev tshawb fawb no.
Dab tsi tuaj yeem hais txog epigraphy? Nthuav qhov tseeb hais txog qhov kev qhuab qhia no tuaj yeem sau tau ntau yam. Cia peb tsom mus rau ob peb yam xwb, peb yuav pom tias epigraphy tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb xwb, tab sis kuj lom zem heev.
Cov kws sau ntawv thaum ub pab tau cov kws tshawb fawb li cas
In the 19th centuryThaum kawm ntau hom cuneiform, decipherers ntsib teeb meem loj: tib lub cim tuaj yeem yog ib qho ideogram, ib qho kev txiav txim siab tsis tau nyeem lossis kos npe rau syllabic, thiab nws kuj tuaj yeem hais txawv. Cov Sumerians "tsim" tsab ntawv cuneiform, tab sis nws tau siv los ntawm ntau haiv neeg uas nyob hauv Mesopotamia ntawm ntau lub sijhawm. Cov Akkadians (Babylonians), tau txais kev kos npe Sumerian, tau txais txhua lub suab npe nrog lub suab tshiab. Yuav ua li cas nyeem cov ntawv sau kom raug?
Lub tsev qiv ntawv nto moo ntawm Assyrian vajntxwv Ashurbanipal tau pab hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm epigraphy. Nyob rau hauv nws, ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm "cov ntaub ntawv av nplaum", ib tug tiag tiag phau ntawv txhais lus tau pom: ancient Sumerian thiab Babylonian-Assyrian suab qhov tseem ceeb tau muab piv rau ideogram cov cim. Tej zaum nws yog phau ntawv qhia rau cov neeg sau ntawv tshiab uas tau ntsib cov teeb meem tib yam li cov kws sau ntawv tom qab ntau tshaj ob thiab ib nrab txhiab xyoo …
Daim ntawv qhia ntawm av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj
Cov neeg nyob hauv Mesopotamia tsis yog tsuas yog phau ntawv txhais lus xwb, tab sis kuj yog daim ntawv qhia. Daim ntawv qhia hnub qub Babylonian ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntawm VIII-VII centuries BC yog dav paub. e., Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov lus dab neeg thiab tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb: nws nyuaj rau xav txog tias cov neeg Npanpiloo los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tsis paub txog lub neej ntawm, piv txwv li, Egypt. Lub hom phiaj ntawm daim npav tseem tsis meej.
Muaj ntau yam qub qub (nruab nrab xyoo pua 2 xyoo BC) daim duab qhia, uas tsis tau thov, txawm li cas los xij, ua kom thoob ntiaj teb, tab sis tau kos meej meej rau lub hom phiaj siv tau.
Nov yog daim duab qhia ntawm huab taiscov teb nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub nroog Nippur, nrog rau cov phiaj xwm ntawm lub nroog nws tus kheej, uas qhia cov tuam tsev, lub vaj, cov kwj dej thiab lub nroog phab ntsa nrog ntau lub rooj vag. Txhua yam khoom raug cim nrog luv luv cuneiform inscriptions.
cov phab ntsa tawg yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig keeb kwm
Epigraphics yog qhov qub thiab medieval graffiti. Cov ntawv sau npe nrov Roman feem ntau tau muab piv nrog kev sib raug zoo rau ib qho laj thawj - lawv muaj txhua yam: los ntawm ib txwm cuam tshuam "Mark hlub Spendusa" thiab "Virgula - Tertia: koj yog ib tug neeg phem" rau kev xav thiab melancholic "Ib hnub koj tuag thiab dhau los. tsuas yog tsis muaj dab tsi." Cov phab ntsa ntawm cov tsev thiab cov tsev pej xeem yog ob qho tib si cov ntawv xov xwm thiab cov ntawv xov xwm nom tswv. Kev nyeem ntawv ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv yog qee zaum "limping", tab sis ua tsaug rau cov ntawv sau no, cov kws tshawb fawb muaj nyob rau ntawm lawv cov khoom pov tseg cuam tshuam nrog cov lus sib tham, pej xeem ntawm lub sijhawm nyob deb. Nws yog qhov no "Vulgar Latin" uas tom qab tsim lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus Romance niaj hnub no.
Nyob hauv Hnub Nyoog Kawg, tib neeg kuj nyiam sau tej yam ntawm phab ntsa. Muaj cov ntawv sau paub hauv St. Sophia Cathedral ntawm Constantinople, ua hauv runes - tej zaum lawv tau tso tseg los ntawm Varangian mercenaries los ntawm cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm Byzantine huab tais.
Cov khoom siv nplua nuj yog muab los ntawm graffiti rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj Lavxias thaum ub. Lawv tsis tsuas yog muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus kheej qhia ("Ivan sau") lossis cov lus thov luv luv, tab sis kuj muaj cov ntawv uas muaj cov tub rog tam sim no lossis cov ntaub ntawv nom tswv thaum lub sijhawm sau ntawv. Cov no yog cov lus hais txog kev sib cav sib ceg thiab kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov tub huabtais, cov xwm txheej loj (piv txwv li, kev tua tub huabtais Andrei Bogolyubsky). Xws li inscriptionstau ua "nyob rau hauv kub nrhiav", thiab cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia los ntawm lawv pab ntxiv thiab qhia meej cov ntaub ntawv ntawm chronicle qhov chaw, yog li lawv tseem ceeb heev.
Lab ntawv ntawm birch bark
Hnub no, tus lej ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv tawv ntoo muaj ntau tshaj ib txhiab thiab txuas ntxiv mus. Lawv tau pom thawj zaug hauv Novgorod, tom qab ntawd pom hauv lwm lub nroog Lavxias thaum ub. Cov monuments no ua pov thawj rau kev nyeem ntawv thoob plaws hauv cov pej xeem hauv nroog. Ntawm lawv muaj cov lus hais txog nyiaj txiag thiab kev lag luam, cov lus hais txog cov rooj plaub hauv tsev hais plaub, cov npe ntawm cov nuj nqis. Yog li ntawd, cov ntawv xa mus rau cov neeg sau keeb kwm txog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws txog pej xeem lub neej, hais txog kev sib raug zoo-kev lag luam nyob rau hauv medieval Lavxias teb sab zej zog. Piv txwv li, cov lus hais txog kev yuav av thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb: "How los ntawm Sinophon rau kuv tus tij laug Ofonos. Qhia rau koj paub tias kuv yuav ua ntej Maxim lub cheeb tsam Yeshersky thiab Zamolmosovye thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb rau kuv tus kheej hauv Simovl thiab ntawm Khvoyna. Thiab Maxim thiab Ivan Shirokiy nyob ntawd."
Ntawm cov ntawv muaj cov ntawv hlub, kev tawm dag zog hauv tsev kawm, thov Vajtswv thiab koom nrog. Muaj cov piv txwv ntawm tsev neeg sau ntawv: “Kev qhia rau Semyon los ntawm nws tus poj niam. Koj yuav tso siab rau [txhua tus] yooj yim thiab tos kuv. Thiab kuv ntaus koj hauv pliaj."
Ib yam Boris sau rau Nastasya: “Thaum tsab ntawv no tuaj txog, xa ib tug txiv neej rau ntawm tus stallion rau kuv, vim kuv muaj ntau yam ua ntawm no. Yog, lub tsho tuaj - Kuv tsis nco qab lub tsho. Thiab tam sim ntawd lub ntiaj teb ntawm yav dhau los nyob deb los rau hauv lub neej, tsis yog tsuas yog nplooj qhuav ntawm phau ntawv keeb kwm. Thiab ntawm no yog ib qho tsis txaus ntseeg kiag li: "nrog ib tug txiv neej, ib tsab ntawv tuaj zais cia." Lub bark birch raug torn tawm, thiab tsis muaj leej twg muaj qhov zais cia ntxiv lawmkawm…
Cov ntawv qub tshaj plaws pom hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 11th, qhov tseeb - mus rau xyoo pua 15th, thaum cov tawv ntoo birch ua cov ntaub ntawv sau tau pib hloov los ntawm ntawv, uas yog khaws cia ntau dua. Birch bark cov ntaub ntawv yog lub qhov rais mus rau Lavxias teb sab Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab, tso cai rau peb pom hauv keeb kwm tsis yog tsuas yog cov thawj coj, cov thawj coj thiab pawg ntseeg hierarchs, tab sis kuj yog cov neeg zoo tib yam, thiab yog li ua rau peb paub txog yav dhau los ua tiav.
Meaning of epigraphy
Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej, epigraphy yog tib lub hauv paus ntawm peb txoj kev paub txog kev sau cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm txhua tus neeg, xws li Etruscans, Germans thaum ub, Celts. Thiab rau lwm yam kev vam meej thaum ub, qhov chaw epigraphic ua rau feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv sau.
Thaum kawm txog keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog, cov ntaub ntawv tau txais nrog kev pab ntawm epigraphy kuj tseem ceeb - lawv tuaj yeem qhia txog yam ntawm lub neej uas tsis tuaj yeem kawm los ntawm annals thiab annals. Qhov tseem ceeb sib npaug yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - cov ntawv sau rau kev ntseeg thiab kev ntseeg, epitaphs, cov ntawv ntawm kev cog lus thoob ntiaj teb thiab cov ntaub ntawv raug cai.
Peb tau txiav txim siab tsuas yog qee qhov piv txwv los ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov monuments uas kawm epigraphy. Tsis ntau, tab sis txaus kom nkag siab tias lub luag haujlwm ntawm qhov kev pabcuam kev qhuab qhia no zoo npaum li cas hauv keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb.
