Ib lub voj voog oscillatory yog ib qho cuab yeej tsim los tsim (tsim) electromagnetic oscillations. Txij thaum pib mus txog rau tam sim no, nws tau siv ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis: los ntawm lub neej niaj hnub mus rau cov chaw tsim khoom loj uas tsim ntau yam khoom.
Nws yog dab tsi?
Lub oscillatory circuit muaj ib lub kauj thiab lub capacitor. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem muaj cov resistor (cov ntsiab lus nrog cov kuj sib txawv). Ib qho inductor (los yog solenoid, raws li qee zaum hu ua) yog tus pas nrig uas raug mob ob peb txheej ntawm winding, uas, raws li txoj cai, yog tooj liab hlau. Nws yog lub caij no uas tsim oscillations hauv oscillatory circuit. Tus pas nrig hauv nruab nrab feem ntau hu ua choke lossis core, thiab lub kauj yog qee zaum hu ua solenoid.
Lub oscillatory circuit coil tsuas yog oscillates thaum muaj cov nqi khaws cia. Thaum tam sim no dhau los ntawm nws, nws khaws cov nqi, uas nws muab tawm mus rau hauv Circuit Court yog tias qhov hluav taws xob poob.
Cov kab hlau txuas feem ntau muaj qhov ua haujlwm me me, uas ib txwm nyob tas li. Nyob rau hauv Circuit Court ntawm ib tug oscillating Circuit Court, ib tug hloov nyob rau hauv voltage thiab tam sim no feem ntau tshwm sim. Qhov kev hloov pauv no raug rau qee txoj cai lij choj:
-
U=U0cos(w(t-t0), where
U yog qhov tam sim no voltage point in time t, U0 - voltage at time t0, w - zaus ntawm electromagnetic oscillations.
Lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub voj voog yog lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Qhov no yog ib yam khoom uas muaj ob daim hlau, uas yog sib cais los ntawm ib tug dielectric. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub thickness ntawm txheej ntawm daim hlau yog tsawg tshaj li lawv qhov ntau thiab tsawg. Qhov kev tsim no tso cai rau koj khaws cov nqi hluav taws xob ntawm lub dielectric, uas tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv Circuit Court.
Qhov txawv ntawm lub capacitor thiab lub roj teeb yog tias tsis muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov hluav taws xob tam sim no, tab sis qhov ncaj qha tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob. Yog li, nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug capacitor, nws muaj peev xwm mus sau ib tug txaus tus nqi, uas yuav muab tag nrho ib zaug. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub zog tam sim no nyob rau hauv Circuit Court nce ntau heev.
Tsis tas li, lub voj voog oscillatory muaj ib qho ntxiv: tus resistor. Cov khoom no muaj kev tiv thaiv thiab tsim los tswj cov tam sim no thiab voltage hauv Circuit Court. Yog hais tias qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub resistor yog nce ntawm qhov voltage, ces tam sim no lub zog yuav txo tau raws li txoj caiOma:
-
I=U/R, qhov twg
Kuv yog tam sim no, U yog qhov hluav taws xob, R yog qhov tsis kam.
Y
Inductor
Cia peb saib kom zoo dua ntawm txhua qhov subtleties ntawm inductor thiab nkag siab zoo dua nws txoj haujlwm hauv lub voj voog oscillatory. Raws li peb twb tau hais lawm, qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov khoom no nyhav rau xoom. Yog li, thaum txuas nrog DC Circuit Court, luv luv yuav tshwm sim. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj txuas lub kauj mus rau AC Circuit Court, nws ua haujlwm zoo. Qhov no tso cai rau koj los txiav txim siab tias lub caij muaj kev tiv thaiv rau alternating tam sim no.
Tab sis yog vim li cas qhov no tshwm sim thiab ua li cas tiv thaiv tshwm sim nrog hloov tam sim no? Txhawm rau teb cov lus nug no, peb yuav tsum tig mus rau qhov tshwm sim xws li tus kheej induction. Thaum tam sim no dhau los ntawm lub kauj, lub zog hluav taws xob (EMF) tshwm sim hauv nws, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev hloov pauv tam sim no. Qhov loj ntawm lub zog no nyob ntawm ob yam: qhov inductance ntawm lub kauj thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog tam sim no nrog rau lub sijhawm. Kev ua lej, qhov kev vam khom no tau qhia los ntawm qhov sib npaug:
-
E=-LI'(t), where
E yog tus nqi EMF, L yog tus nqi ntawm lub kauj inductance (rau txhua kauj nws txawv thiab nyob ntawm ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov coils ntawm winding thiab lawv cov thicknesses), I'(t) - derivative ntawm lub zog tam sim no nrog rau lub sijhawm (tus nqi hloov ntawm lub zog tam sim no).
Lub zog tam sim no tsis hloov lub sijhawm, yog li tsis muaj kev tawm tsam thaum raug nws.
Tab sis nrog qhov hloov pauv tam sim no, tag nrho nws cov kev txwv tsis tu ncua hloov raws li txoj cai sinusoidal lossis cosine,vim li ntawd, EMF tshwm sim uas tiv thaiv cov kev hloov pauv no. Xws li kev tiv thaiv yog hu ua inductive thiab suav los ntawm cov qauv:
- XL =wL
Qhov tam sim no hauv solenoid linearly nce thiab txo qis raws li ntau txoj cai. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias yog tias koj tso tseg cov khoom siv tam sim no rau lub kauj, nws yuav txuas ntxiv them rau lub voj voog rau qee lub sijhawm. Thiab yog hais tias tib lub sij hawm tam sim no cov khoom tam sim no cuam tshuam, ces ib qho kev poob siab yuav tshwm sim vim qhov tseeb tias tus nqi yuav sim muab faib thiab tawm ntawm lub kauj. Qhov no yog ib qho teeb meem loj hauv kev tsim khoom. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo li no (txawm tias tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lub oscillatory circuit) tuaj yeem pom, piv txwv li, thaum rub lub ntsaws tawm ntawm lub qhov (socket). Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ib tug spark jumps, uas nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug scale yog tsis muaj peev xwm ua mob rau ib tug neeg. Nws yog vim lub fact tias lub magnetic teb tsis ploj tam sim ntawd, tab sis maj dissipates, inducing tam sim no nyob rau hauv lwm yam conductors. Ntawm qhov ntsuas kev lag luam, lub zog tam sim no yog ntau zaus ntau dua li 220 volts peb tau siv los, yog li thaum lub voj voog cuam tshuam hauv kev tsim khoom, cov hluav taws xob ntawm lub zog tuaj yeem tshwm sim uas ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntau rau cov nroj tsuag thiab tib neeg.
Lub kauj yog lub hauv paus ntawm qhov oscillatory circuit muaj. Cov inductances ntawm solenoids hauv series ntxiv. Tom ntej no, peb yuav ua tib zoo saib tag nrho cov subtleties ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub caij no.
Dab tsi yog inductance?
Lub inductance ntawm lub kauj ntawm lub voj voog oscillatory yog tus taw qhia tus lej sib npaug ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob (hauv volts) uas tshwm sim hauv Circuit Court thaumhloov tam sim no los ntawm 1 A hauv 1 vib nas this. Yog hais tias lub solenoid txuas nrog DC Circuit Court, ces nws inductance piav qhia txog lub zog ntawm cov hlau nplaum uas tsim los ntawm qhov tam sim no raws li tus qauv:
-
W=(LI2)/2, where
W yog lub zog magnetic.
Qhov inductance yog nyob ntawm ntau yam: ntawm lub geometry ntawm solenoid, ntawm cov yam ntxwv sib nqus ntawm cov tub ntxhais thiab ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm cov xaim. Lwm cov cuab yeej ntawm qhov ntsuas no yog qhov zoo ib txwm muaj, vim tias qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nws nyob tsis tuaj yeem tsis zoo.
Inductance kuj txhais tau tias yog cov cuab yeej ntawm tus neeg nqa khoom tam sim no los khaws lub zog hauv qhov chaw sib nqus. Nws yog ntsuas hauv Henry (npe tom qab tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas Joseph Henry).
Ntxiv rau lub solenoid, lub oscillatory circuit muaj ib lub capacitor, uas yuav tham tom qab.
Electric Capacitor
Lub peev xwm ntawm lub oscillatory Circuit Court yog txiav txim siab los ntawm lub capacitance ntawm lub hwj chim capacitor. Txog nws qhov tsos tau sau saum toj no. Tam sim no cia peb txheeb xyuas lub physics ntawm cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim hauv nws.
Vim tias cov phaj capacitor yog ua los ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib, cov hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ntws los ntawm lawv. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ob daim hlau: dielectric (nws tuaj yeem yog huab cua, ntoo lossis lwm yam khoom siv nrog kev ua haujlwm siab. Cov phaj capacitor, qhov no ua rau lub zog ntawm cov hlau nplaum thiab hluav taws xob nyob ib puag ncig nws.cov hluav taws xob uas muaj nyob rau ntawm daim hlau pib xa mus rau hauv Circuit Court.
Txhua tus capacitor muaj qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob uas zoo rau nws txoj haujlwm. Yog tias cov khoom no tau ua haujlwm ntev ntawm qhov hluav taws xob siab tshaj qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob, nws lub neej kev pab cuam yuav txo qis. Lub oscillatory circuit capacitor cuam tshuam los ntawm cov dej ntws tas li, thiab yog li ntawd, thaum xaiv nws, koj yuav tsum ceev faj heev.
Ntxiv rau cov capacitors ib txwm tau tham, kuj tseem muaj cov ionistors. Qhov no yog ib qho nyuaj ntxiv: nws tuaj yeem piav qhia raws li tus ntoo khaub lig ntawm lub roj teeb thiab lub capacitor. Raws li txoj cai, cov khoom siv organic ua haujlwm raws li dielectric hauv ib qho ionistor, nruab nrab ntawm cov electrolyte. Ua ke lawv tsim ob txheej hluav taws xob, uas tso cai rau koj los tsim cov qauv no ntau zaus ntau lub zog ntau dua li hauv cov khoom siv ib txwm muaj.
Dab tsi yog qhov capacitance ntawm lub capacitor?
Lub peev xwm ntawm lub capacitor yog qhov piv ntawm tus nqi ntawm lub capacitor rau qhov voltage nyob rau hauv uas nws nyob. Koj tuaj yeem xam tus nqi no yooj yim heev siv tus lej lej:
-
C=(e0S)/d, where
e0 yog permittivity ntawm cov khoom siv dielectric (table value), S - thaj tsam ntawm daim phiaj capacitor, d - qhov deb ntawm daim hlau.
Qhov kev vam khom ntawm lub capacitance ntawm lub capacitor ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm daim hlau yog piav qhia los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm electrostatic induction: qhov me dua qhov kev ncua deb ntawm daim hlau, lawv muaj zog dua rau ib leeg (raws li Coulomb txoj cai), ntau dua tus nqi ntawm cov phaj thiab qhov qis dua qhov voltage. Thiab raws li qhov voltage txotus nqi capacitance nce, vim nws kuj tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm cov qauv hauv qab no:
-
C=q/U, where
q is the charge in coulombs.
Nws tsim nyog tham txog cov units ntawm qhov ntau. Capacitance yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv farads. 1 farad yog ib tug loj txaus tus nqi uas twb muaj lawm capacitors (tab sis tsis ionistors) muaj ib tug capacitance ntsuas nyob rau hauv picofarads (ib trillion farad).
Resistor
Qhov tam sim no nyob rau hauv oscillatory circuit kuj nyob ntawm qhov tsis kam ntawm Circuit Court. Thiab ntxiv rau ob lub ntsiab lus piav qhia uas ua rau lub oscillatory Circuit Court (coils, capacitors), kuj tseem muaj qhov thib peb - tus resistor. Nws yog lub luag haujlwm tsim kev tawm tsam. Lub resistor txawv ntawm lwm cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv uas nws muaj ib tug loj kuj, uas yuav hloov tau nyob rau hauv ib co qauv. Hauv oscillatory circuit, nws ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob sib nqus hluav taws xob. Koj tuaj yeem txuas ob peb lub resistors hauv series lossis nyob rau hauv tib lub sijhawm, yog li ua kom qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm Circuit Court.
Qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub ntsiab lus no kuj nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, yog li koj yuav tsum tau ceev faj txog nws txoj haujlwm hauv Circuit Court, vim nws heats li thaum tam sim no dhau mus.
Resistor kuj ntsuas hauv Ohms, thiab nws tus nqi tuaj yeem suav nrog tus qauv:
-
R=(pl) / S, qhov twg
p yog qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (ntsuas hauv (Ohmmm2) / m);
l - resistor ntev (hauv meters);
S - seem cheeb tsam (hauv millimeters).
Yuav ua li cas txuas txoj kab tsis?
Tam sim no peb los ze rau physicskev ua haujlwm ntawm oscillatory circuit. Sij hawm dhau mus, tus nqi ntawm cov phaj capacitor hloov raws li qhov kev txiav txim thib ob.
Yog tias koj daws qhov kev sib npaug no, ntau cov qauv nthuav tawm ua raws los ntawm nws, piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv Circuit Court. Piv txwv li, lub voj voog zaus tuaj yeem qhia tau hais tias muaj peev xwm thiab inductance.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv yooj yim tshaj plaws uas tso cai rau koj suav ntau yam tsis paub yog tus qauv Thomson (npe tom qab tus kws kho mob Askiv William Thomson, uas tau muab los ntawm 1853):
-
T=2p(LC)1/2.
T - lub sij hawm ntawm electromagnetic oscillations, L thiab C - feem, qhov inductance ntawm lub kauj ntawm oscillatory Circuit Court thiab lub capacitance ntawm Circuit Court, p - tus lej pi.
Q factor
Muaj lwm tus nqi tseem ceeb uas qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub voj voog - qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Yuav kom nkag siab tias nws yog dab tsi, ib tug yuav tsum tig mus rau cov txheej txheem xws li resonance. Qhov no yog ib qho tshwm sim uas lub amplitude ua siab tshaj plaws nrog tus nqi tas li ntawm lub zog uas txhawb nqa qhov oscillation. Lub resonance tuaj yeem piav qhia nrog ib qho piv txwv yooj yim: yog tias koj pib thawb lub viav vias mus rau qhov kev sib tw ntawm nws zaus, ces nws yuav nrawm, thiab nws "amplitude" yuav nce. Thiab yog tias koj thawb tawm ntawm lub sijhawm, lawv yuav qeeb. Thaum resonance, ntau lub zog feem ntau yog dissipated. Yuav kom muaj peev xwm xam qhov loj ntawm qhov poob, lawv tuaj nrog xws li ib qho kev ntsuas raws li qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Nws yog ib qho piv txwv sib npauglub zog nyob rau hauv lub system mus rau qhov poob tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub Circuit Court nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Circuit Court yog xam los ntawm tus qauv:
-
Q=(w0W)/P, where
w0 - resonant cyclic oscillation zaus;
W - lub zog khaws cia rau hauv oscillatory system;
P - lub zog dissipation.
Qhov ntsuas no yog qhov tsis muaj nuj nqis, raws li nws tau qhia qhov piv ntawm lub zog: khaws cia rau siv.
Dab tsi yog qhov zoo tagnrho oscillatory circuit
Rau qhov kev nkag siab zoo dua ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv qhov system no, cov kws kho mob tau los nrog lub npe hu ua zoo tagnrho oscillatory circuit. Qhov no yog ib qho qauv lej uas sawv cev rau lub voj voog raws li qhov system nrog xoom tsis kam. Nws tsim undamped harmonic oscillations. Xws li tus qauv ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tau txais cov qauv rau qhov kwv yees suav ntawm contour parameters. Ib qho ntawm cov kev ntsuas no yog tag nrho lub zog:
W=(LI2)/2.
Cov kev ua kom yooj yim li no ua kom nrawm nrawm thiab ua kom nws muaj peev xwm ntsuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub voj voog nrog cov ntsuas ntsuas.
Nws ua haujlwm li cas?
Tag nrho lub voj voog ntawm lub voj voog oscillatory tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob ntu. Tam sim no peb yuav txheeb xyuas kom meej txog cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv txhua ntu.
- Thawj theem: Lub phaj zoo capacitor pib tawm, muab tam sim no rau hauv Circuit Court. Lub sijhawm no, tam sim no mus los ntawm qhov zoo rau qhov tsis zoo, dhau los ntawm lub kauj. Yog li ntawd, electromagnetic oscillations tshwm sim hauv Circuit Court. tam sim no hla dhaucoil, mus rau lub phaj thib ob thiab tsub nws zoo (thaum lub phaj thawj, los ntawm qhov tam sim no ntws, raug them tsis zoo).
- theem thib ob: cov txheej txheem rov qab tshwm sim. Tam sim no dhau los ntawm lub phaj zoo (uas yog qhov tsis zoo thaum pib) mus rau qhov tsis zoo, rov qab los ntawm lub kauj. Thiab tag nrho cov nqi poob rau hauv qhov chaw.
Lub voj voog rov ua dua yog tias muaj tus nqi ntawm lub capacitor. Nyob rau hauv ib qho zoo tagnrho oscillatory circuit, cov txheej txheem no mus rau qhov kawg, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug tiag tiag ib tug, lub zog poob yog inevitable vim muaj ntau yam: cua sov, uas tshwm sim vim lub hav zoov ntawm kuj nyob rau hauv lub Circuit Court (Joule tshav kub), thiab cov zoo li.
Contour design options
Dhau li ntawm qhov yooj yim "coil-capacitor" thiab "coil-resistor-capacitor" circuits, muaj lwm yam kev xaiv uas siv lub voj voog oscillatory ua lub hauv paus. Qhov no, piv txwv li, yog ib qho hluav taws xob sib txuas, uas txawv ntawm qhov nws muaj nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov hluav taws xob Circuit Court (vim, yog tias nws muaj nyob nyias, nws yuav yog ib lub voj voog, uas tau tham hauv kab lus).
Tseem muaj lwm hom kev tsim uas suav nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib txawv. Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem txuas lub transistor mus rau lub network, uas yuav qhib thiab kaw lub voj voog nrog zaus sib npaug ntawm qhov zaus oscillation hauv Circuit Court. Yog li, undamped oscillations yuav raug tsim nyob rau hauv lub system.
Ib qho oscillatory Circuit Court siv nyob qhov twg?
Daim ntawv thov paub zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog electromagnets. Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, yog siv nyob rau hauv intercoms, hluav taws xob motors,sensors thiab nyob rau hauv ntau lwm yam tsis zoo li qhov chaw. Lwm daim ntawv thov yog lub tshuab hluav taws xob oscillation. Qhov tseeb, qhov kev siv hluav taws xob no tau paub zoo rau peb: nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no nws yog siv nyob rau hauv lub microwave los tsim nthwv dej thiab nyob rau hauv mobile thiab xov tooj cua kev sib txuas lus kom xa cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug deb. Tag nrho cov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias oscillations ntawm electromagnetic nthwv dej tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv txoj hauv kev uas nws tuaj yeem xa cov ntaub ntawv hla mus ntev.
Tus inductor nws tus kheej tuaj yeem siv los ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob: ob lub coils nrog ntau tus lej sib txawv tuaj yeem hloov lawv cov nqi siv hluav taws xob. Tab sis txij li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov solenoids txawv, qhov ntsuas tam sim no hauv ob lub voj voog uas ob lub inductors txuas nrog yuav txawv. Yog li, nws muaj peev xwm hloov tau qhov tam sim no nrog qhov hluav taws xob ntawm, hais, 220 volts rau hauv qhov tam sim no nrog qhov hluav taws xob ntawm 12 volts.
Zoo kawg
Peb tau txheeb xyuas kom meej txog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub oscillatory circuit thiab txhua qhov ntawm nws qhov sib cais. Peb kawm tau hais tias ib tug oscillatory Circuit Court yog ib tug ntaus ntawv tsim los tsim electromagnetic tsis. Txawm li cas los xij, cov no tsuas yog cov hauv paus ntawm kev siv tshuab ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus yooj yim zoo li no. Koj tuaj yeem kawm paub ntxiv txog qhov tsis sib xws ntawm lub voj voog thiab nws cov khoom los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb.
