Tej zaum txhua tus uas paub txog tsev kawm ntawv chemistry thiab txawm tias me ntsis txaus siab rau nws paub txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm cov tebchaw nyuaj. Cov no yog cov sib txuas nthuav dav heev nrog rau kev siv dav. Yog tias koj tsis tau hnov txog lub tswv yim zoo li no, hauv qab no peb yuav piav qhia txhua yam rau koj. Tab sis cia peb pib nrog keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov txawv txawv thiab nthuav hom tshuaj sib xyaw.
History
Cov ntsev nyuaj tau paub txawm tias ua ntej qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm txoj kev xav thiab cov txheej txheem uas tso cai rau lawv nyob. Lawv tau muab lub npe hu ua tus kws tshuaj uas nrhiav pom qhov no lossis qhov sib xyaw ua ke, thiab tsis muaj lub npe zoo rau lawv. Thiab, yog li ntawd, nws tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov khoom uas nws muaj.
Qhov no txuas ntxiv mus txog xyoo 1893, txog rau thaum Swiss chemist Alfred Werner tau thov nws txoj kev xav, uas 20 xyoo tom qab ntawd nws tau txais Nobel nqi zog hauv Chemistry. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias nws tau ua nws txoj kev tshawb fawb tsuas yog los ntawm kev txhais ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg uas muaj qee yam sib xyaw ua ke nkag. Kev tshawb fawb tau ua ua ntejKev tshawb pom ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob los ntawm Thompson hauv xyoo 1896, thiab tom qab qhov xwm txheej no, ntau xyoo tom qab, txoj kev xav tau ntxiv, nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev hloov kho tshiab thiab cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj tau mus txog peb hnub thiab nquag siv hauv kev tshawb fawb los piav txog qhov tshwm sim uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm. Kev hloov pauv tshuaj lom neeg suav nrog cov complexes.
Yog li, ua ntej yuav mus rau qhov kev piav qhia ntawm qhov tsis ruaj tsis khov yog dab tsi, cia peb nkag siab qhov kev xav uas peb tau tham saum toj no.
Theory of complex compounds
Werner nyob rau hauv nws thawj version ntawm kev sib koom tes txoj kev xav tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm postulates uas tsim nws lub hauv paus:
- Ib lub hauv paus ion yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib koom ua ke (kev sib txuas). Qhov no yog, raws li txoj cai, ib qho atom ntawm d-element, tsawg dua - qee cov atoms ntawm p-cov ntsiab lus, thiab ntawm cov ntsiab lus, tsuas yog Li tuaj yeem ua hauv lub peev xwm no.
- Lub hauv paus ion, ua ke nrog nws cov ligands (them los yog nruab nrab, xws li dej los yog chlorine anion) ua rau sab hauv ntawm lub complex compound. Nws coj tus cwj pwm hauv kev daws teeb meem zoo li ib qho loj ion.
- Sab nraud muaj ions rov qab rau hauv kos npe rau tus nqi ntawm sab hauv. Ntawd yog, piv txwv li, rau qhov tsis zoo them tus kheej [CrCl6 3- tus kheej kheej ion tuaj yeem ua hlau ions: Fe 3 +, Ni3+etc.
Tam sim no, yog tias txhua yam pom tseeb nrog txoj kev xav, peb tuaj yeem txav mus rau cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov tebchaw nyuaj thiab lawv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsev zoo tib yam.
tshuaj muaj zog
Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev daws, complex compounds decompose rau hauv ions, los yog es mus rau hauv sab hauv thiab sab nraud spheres. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias lawv coj zoo li muaj zog electrolytes.
Tsis tas li ntawd, sab hauv sab hauv kuj tuaj yeem lwj mus rau hauv ions, tab sis kom qhov no tshwm sim, yuav tsum muaj lub zog ntau heev.
Cov sab nraud hauv cov sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem hloov tau los ntawm lwm cov ions. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias muaj ib tug chlorine ion nyob rau hauv lub sab nrauv, thiab ib tug ion kuj muaj nyob rau hauv cov kev daws, uas ua ke nrog lub puab kheej kheej yuav tsim ib tug insoluble compound, los yog yog hais tias muaj ib tug cation nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, uas yuav muab ib tug insoluble compound. Insoluble compound nrog chlorine, ib qho kev hloov pauv sab nraud yuav tshwm sim.
Thiab tam sim no, ua ntej yuav mus rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev tsis ruaj khov tsis tu ncua, cia peb tham txog qhov tshwm sim uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau lub tswv yim no.
YElectrolytic dissociation
Tej zaum koj yuav paub lo lus no los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, cia peb txhais lub tswvyim no. Dissociation yog disintegration ntawm solute molecules rau hauv ions nyob rau hauv ib tug hnyav nruab nrab. Qhov no yog vim qhov tsim ntawm cov khoom muaj zog txaus ntawm cov kuab tshuaj molecules nrog ions ntawm cov khoom yaj. Piv txwv li, dej muaj ob qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kawg, thiab qee cov molecules tau nyiam los ntawm qhov kawg tsis zoo rau cov cations, thiab lwm tus los ntawm qhov kawg zoo rau cov anions. Qhov no yog li cas hydrates raug tsim - ions ncig los ntawm dej molecules. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm electrolytickev tsis sib haum xeeb.
Tam sim no, qhov tseeb, rov qab mus rau lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm peb tsab xov xwm. Dab tsi yog qhov instability tas li ntawm complex compounds? Txhua yam yog qhov yooj yim heev, thiab hauv ntu tom ntej peb yuav txheeb xyuas lub tswv yim no kom ntxaws thiab nthuav dav.
Instability tas li ntawm complex compounds
Qhov ntsuas no yog qhov ncaj ncaj ntawm qhov ruaj khov ntawm qhov nyuaj. Yog li ntawd, cia peb pib nrog nws.
Yog tias koj tau hnov txog qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, koj yuav nkag siab cov khoom hauv qab no yooj yim. Tab sis yog tias tsis yog, tam sim no peb yuav luv luv tham txog qhov ntsuas no. Qhov sib npaug tas li txhais tau tias yog qhov sib piv ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv, nce mus rau lub zog ntawm lawv cov stoichiometric coefficients, rau cov khoom pib, uas cov coefficients nyob rau hauv qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog coj mus rau hauv tus account tib txoj kev. Nws qhia tau hais tias nyob rau hauv qhov kev taw qhia cov tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau mus ntawm ib los yog lwm qhov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj pib thiab cov khoom.
Tab sis vim li cas peb mam li pib tham txog qhov sib npaug tsis tu ncua? Qhov tseeb, qhov tsis ruaj khov tsis tu ncua thiab qhov ruaj khov tsis tu ncua yog, qhov tseeb, qhov sib npaug tsis tu ncua, feem, ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab tsim ntawm sab hauv ntawm lub complex. Kev sib txuas ntawm lawv yog txiav txim siab yooj yim heev: Kn=1/Kst.
Kom nkag siab zoo dua cov khoom, cia peb ua piv txwv. Cia peb coj lub complex anion [Ag(NO2)2- thiab sau qhov sib npaug rau nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lwj:
[Ag(NO2)2-=> Ag + + 2NO2-.
Qhov tsis ruaj khov tsis tu ncua ntawm cov ion complex ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw no yog 1.310 -3. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nws ruaj khov txaus, tab sis tseem tsis tau zoo li qhov yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab ruaj khov. Qhov ntau dua qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov ion complex nyob rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj nruab nrab, qhov qis dua qhov tsis ruaj khov tsis tu ncua. Nws cov mis muaj peev xwm qhia tau hais tias cov concentrations ntawm qhov pib thiab reacting tshuaj: 2/ [Ag(NO2) 2 -].
Tam sim no peb tau hais txog lub tswv yim yooj yim, nws tsim nyog muab qee cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ntau lub tebchaw. Cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj tau sau rau hauv kab laug sab, thiab qhov tsis ruaj khov tsis tu ncua ntawm cov tebchaw nyuaj yog sau rau sab xis.
Table
| Tshuaj | Instability tsis tu ncua |
| [Ag(NO2)2- | 1.310-3 |
| [Ag(NH3)2+ | 6.8×10-8 |
| [Ag(CN)2 - | 1×10-21 |
| [CuCl42- | 210-4 |
Cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws ntxiv ntawm txhua qhov sib txuas paub tau muab rau hauv cov lus tshwj xeeb hauv cov ntawv siv. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis ruaj khov tsis tu ncua ntawm cov tebchaw nyuaj, cov lus ntawm ntau lub tebchaw tau muab los saum toj no, tsis zoo li yuav pab tau koj yam tsis tau siv phau ntawv siv.
Zoo kawg
Tom qab peb xam pom yuav ua li cas xam qhov tsis ruaj khov,Tsuas yog ib lo lus nug tseem tshuav - txog vim li cas txhua qhov no xav tau.
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kom muaj nuj nqis no yog los txiav txim siab qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov ion nyuaj. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias peb tuaj yeem kwv yees qhov kev ruaj ntseg hauv kev daws teeb meem ntawm ib qho kev sib xyaw. Qhov no pab ntau heev nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam, ib txoj kev los yog lwm yam kev cob cog rua nrog kev siv ntawm complex tshuaj. Zoo siab kawm chemistry!
