Cov kab mob endocrine raug cais los ntawm keeb kwm, histogenesis thiab keeb kwm histological ua peb pawg. Cov pab pawg branchiogenic yog tsim los ntawm cov hnab ris pharyngeal - qhov no yog cov thyroid caj pas, cov qog parathyroid. Adrenal pawg - nws belongs rau cov qog adrenal (medulla thiab cortex), paraganglia thiab ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cerebral appendages - qhov no yog hypothalamus, pituitary caj pas thiab pineal caj pas.
Cov kab mob endocrine yog lub luag haujlwm tswj hwm txoj haujlwm uas muaj kev sib txuas hauv nruab nrog cev, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho cov kab ke no muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog ib leeg.
Keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub qog pituitary
Txoj kev kawm ntawm lub hlwb thiab nws cov khoom siv tau ua los ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb hauv ntau lub sijhawm. Thawj zaug, Galen thiab Vesalius xav txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub caj pas pituitary hauv lub cev, leej twg ntseeg tias nws tsim cov hnoos qeev hauv lub hlwb. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm tom qab, muaj kev sib cav tswv yim txog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm pituitary caj pas nyob rau hauv lub cev, uas yog koom nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cerebrospinal kua. Lwm txoj kev xav yog tias nws nqus cov kua cerebrospinal thiab tom qab ntawd tso rau hauv cov hlab ntsha.
In 1867 P. I. Peremezhko ua ntejmorphological piav qhia ntawm lub caj pas pituitary, highlighting nyob rau hauv nws lub anterior thiab posterior lobes thiab kab noj hniav ntawm lub paj hlwb appendages. Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm tom qab nyob rau hauv 1984-1986, Dostoevsky thiab nqaij nyuj, kawm microscopic fragments ntawm pituitary caj pas, pom chromophobic thiab chromophilic hlwb nyob rau hauv nws anterior lobe.
Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th tau tshawb pom kev sib raug zoo ntawm tib neeg lub caj pas pituitary, uas nws cov keeb kwm, thaum kawm nws cov secretory secretions, ua pov thawj qhov no, nrog cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv lub cev.
Cov qauv anatomical thiab qhov chaw ntawm lub caj pas pituitary
Lub qog pituitary tseem hu ua pituitary lossis pea caj pas. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub Turkish eeb ntawm cov pob txha sphenoid thiab muaj lub cev thiab ceg. Los ntawm saum toj no, lub eeb Turkish kaw qhov spur ntawm lub plhaub tawv ntawm lub hlwb, uas ua haujlwm raws li lub diaphragm rau lub caj pas pituitary. Lub stalk ntawm lub caj pas pituitary hla lub qhov hauv lub diaphragm, txuas nrog lub hypothalamus.
Nws yog xim liab-grey, npog nrog cov tshuaj ntsiav tshuaj, thiab hnyav 0.5-0.6 g. Nws qhov loj thiab qhov hnyav sib txawv raws li poj niam txiv neej, kab mob kev loj hlob, thiab ntau yam ntxiv.
YPituitary Embryogenesis
Raws li histology ntawm lub caj pas pituitary, nws muab faib ua adenohypophysis thiab neurohypophysis. Kev tso lub caj pas pituitary pib ntawm plaub lub lim tiam ntawm embryonic txoj kev loj hlob, thiab ob rudiments yog siv rau nws tsim, uas yog qhia ntawm ib leeg. Lub anterior lobe ntawm lub caj pas pituitary yog tsim los ntawm pituitary hnab tshos, uas tsim los ntawm lub qhov ncauj bay ntawm lub ectoderm, thiab lub posterior lobe los ntawm lub paj hlwb hnab tshos, uas yog tsim los ntawm lub protrusion ntawm lub hauv qab.thib peb cerebral ventricle.
Embryonic histology ntawm lub caj pas pituitary txawv qhov tsim ntawm cov hlwb basophilic twb nyob rau lub lim tiam thib 9 ntawm kev loj hlob, thiab ntawm lub hli thib 4 ntawm cov hlwb acidophilic.
Histological qauv ntawm adenohypophysis
Ua tsaug rau histology, cov qauv ntawm cov qog pituitary tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm cov qauv ntawm adenohypophysis. Nws muaj ib qho anterior, intermediate thiab tuberal feem.
Qhov sab hauv yog tsim los ntawm trabeculae - cov no yog cov ceg ntoo uas muaj cov hlwb epithelial, nruab nrab ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas thiab cov kab mob sinusoidal capillaries. Cov capillaries no tsim ib lub network ntom ntom nyob ib ncig ntawm txhua lub trabecula, uas muab kev sib raug zoo nrog cov hlab ntsha. Lub glandular hlwb ntawm trabecula, uas nws muaj, yog endocrinocytes nrog secretory granules nyob rau hauv lawv.
Differentiation ntawm secretory granules yog sawv cev los ntawm lawv lub peev xwm stain thaum raug cov xim pigments.
Nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub trabeculae yog cov endocrinocytes uas muaj cov tshuaj secretory nyob rau hauv lawv cytoplasm, uas yog stains, thiab lawv hu ua chromophilic. Cov hlwb no tau muab faib ua ob hom: acidophilic thiab basophilic.
Acidophilic adrenocytes stain nrog eosin. Nws yog acid dye. Lawv tus lej tag nrho yog 30-35%. Cov hlwb yog puag ncig nyob rau hauv cov duab nrog ib tug nucleus nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, nrog lub Golgi complex nyob ib sab mus rau nws. Lub endoplasmic reticulum tau tsim zoo thiab muaj cov qauv granular. nyob rau hauv acidophile hlwb.muaj cov protein ntau biosynthesis thiab tsim cov tshuaj hormones.
Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm histology ntawm pituitary caj pas ntawm lub anterior nyob rau hauv acidophilic hlwb, thaum lawv stained, ntau yam koom nyob rau hauv tsim cov tshuaj hormones raug txheeb xyuas - somatotropocytes, lactotropocytes.
Acidophilic cells
Rau cov hlwb acidophilic yog cov hlwb uas muaj cov xim acidic thiab me me dua basophils. Lub nucleus nyob rau hauv cov no yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, thiab lub endoplasmic reticulum yog granular.
Somatotropocytes ua rau 50% ntawm tag nrho cov hlwb acidophilic thiab lawv cov secretory granules, nyob rau hauv lub lateral seem ntawm lub trabeculae, yog spherical nyob rau hauv cov duab, thiab lawv txoj kab uas hla yog 150-600 nm. Lawv tsim somatotropin, uas koom nrog hauv kev loj hlob thiab hu ua kev loj hlob hormone. Nws kuj txhawb kev faib cell hauv lub cev.
Lactotropocytes muaj lwm lub npe - mammotropocytes. Lawv muaj cov duab oval nrog qhov ntev ntawm 500-600 los ntawm 100-120 nm. Lawv tsis muaj qhov pom tseeb hauv cheeb tsam hauv trabeculae thiab tawg nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kab mob acidophilic. Lawv tag nrho cov naj npawb yog 20-25%. Lawv tsim cov tshuaj hormone prolactin lossis luteotropic hormone. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv biosynthesis ntawm cov mis nyuj hauv cov qog mammary, kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog mammary thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub corpus luteum ntawm zes qe menyuam. Thaum cev xeeb tub, cov hlwb no loj tuaj thiab lub caj pas pituitary ob npaug ntawm qhov loj, uas yog thim rov qab.
Basophilic cells
Cov hlwb no kuj loj dua li cov hlwb acidophilic, thiab lawv cov ntim tsuas yog 4-10% nyob rau sab xub ntiag ntawm adenohypophysis. Hauv lawv cov qauv, cov no yog glycoproteins, uas yog cov matrix rauprotein biosynthesis. Cells yog stained nrog cov histology ntawm pituitary caj pas nrog kev npaj uas yog txiav txim siab los ntawm aldehyde-fuchsin. Lawv lub hlwb tseem ceeb yog thyrotropocytes thiab gonadotropocytes.
Thyrotropics yog me me secretory granules nrog ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 50-100 nm, thiab lawv ntim tsuas yog 10%. Lawv cov granules tsim thyrotropin, uas txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov thyroid follicles. Lawv qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj qhov nce hauv pituitary caj pas, vim lawv loj tuaj.
Gonadotropes ua 10-15% ntawm adenohypophysis ntim thiab lawv cov granules secretory yog 200 nm inch. Lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv histology ntawm lub caj pas pituitary nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev tawg nyob rau hauv lub anterior lobe. Nws tsim cov follicle-stimulating thiab luteinizing cov tshuaj hormones, thiab lawv ua kom tag nrho kev ua haujlwm ntawm gonads ntawm lub cev ntawm tus txiv neej thiab poj niam.
YPropiomelanocortin
Ib qho zais zais glycoprotein loj ntsuas 30 kilod altons. Nws yog propioomelanocortin, uas, tom qab nws tawg, tsim corticotropic, melanocyte-stimulating thiab lipotropic cov tshuaj hormones.
Corticotropic cov tshuaj hormones yog tsim los ntawm cov qog pituitary, thiab lawv lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog los txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm adrenal cortex. Lawv qhov ntim yog 15-20% ntawm lub caj pas anterior pituitary, lawv yog cov hlwb basophilic.
Chromophobic cells
Melanocyte-stimulating thiab lipotropic cov tshuaj hormones yog secreted los ntawm chromophobic cells. Chromophobic cells nyuaj rau stain los yog tsis stain txhua. Lawv yogtau muab faib ua cov hlwb uas twb tau pib tig mus rau hauv cov hlwb chromophilic, tab sis rau qee qhov laj thawj tsis muaj sijhawm los khaws cov granules secretory, thiab cov hlwb uas nquag zais cov granules. Cells uas depleted los yog tsis muaj granules yog heev tshwj xeeb hlwb.
Chromophobic hlwb kuj sib txawv rau hauv cov follicle stellate me me nrog cov txheej txheem ntev uas tsim ib lub network dav. Lawv cov txheej txheem dhau los ntawm endocrinocytes thiab nyob rau ntawm sinusoidal capillaries. Lawv tuaj yeem tsim follicular formations thiab khaws glycoprotein secretion.
Intermediate thiab tuberal adenohypophysis
Cov hlwb nruab nrab yog cov tsis muaj zog basophilic thiab khaws glycoprotein secretion. Lawv muaj cov duab polygonal thiab lawv qhov loj yog 200-300 nm. Lawv synthesize melanotropin thiab lipotropin, uas koom nrog cov xim thiab cov roj metabolism hauv lub cev.
Lub tuberal ib feem yog tsim los ntawm cov kab mob epithelial uas txuas mus rau sab xub ntiag. Nws yog nyob ib sab ntawm pituitary stalk, uas yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog medial eminence ntawm lub hypothalamus los ntawm nws sab saum toj.
Neurohypophysis
Lub lobe tom qab ntawm lub caj pas pituitary muaj cov neuroglia, cov hlwb uas yog fusiform lossis txheej txheem zoo li. Nws suav nrog cov paj hlwb ntawm thaj tsam sab hauv ntawm hypothalamus, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov hlwb neurosecretory ntawm axons ntawm paraventricular thiab supraoptic nuclei. Oxytocin thiab vasopressin yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov nuclei, uas nkag mus rau hauv lub caj pas pituitary.
YPituitary adenoma
Kev kawm zoo hauvanterior pituitary glandular cov ntaub so ntswg. Qhov kev tsim no yog tsim los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm hyperplasia - qhov no yog qhov kev txhim kho ntawm cov qog hlwb uas tsis muaj kev tswj hwm.
Histology ntawm pituitary adenoma yog siv rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm qhov ua rau ntawm tus kab mob thiab txiav txim siab nws ntau yam raws li cov qauv ntawm tes ntawm cov qauv thiab cov kab mob anatomical ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev. Adenoma tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau endocrinocytes ntawm cov hlwb basophilic, chromophobic thiab txhim kho ntawm ntau lub cellular qauv. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib txawv, thiab qhov no tau tshwm sim hauv nws lub npe. Piv txwv li, microadenoma, prolactinoma thiab nws lwm yam.
Nyob pituitary caj pas
Cov qog pituitary ntawm tus miv yog kheej kheej, thiab nws qhov ntev yog 5x5x2 hli. Histology ntawm tus miv lub caj pas pituitary tau qhia tias nws muaj adenohypophysis thiab neurohypophysis. Lub adenohypophysis muaj ib qho anterior thiab ib qho nruab nrab lobe, thiab cov neurohypophysis txuas mus rau lub hypothalamus los ntawm ib tug stalk, uas yog me ntsis luv thiab thicker nyob rau hauv nws posterior seem.
Staining of microscopic biopsy fragments of the pituitary gland of a cat with the drug at multiple magnification histology tso cai rau pom cov liab granularity ntawm acidophilic endocrinocytes ntawm anterior lobe. Cov no yog cov hlwb loj. Lub lobe tom qab yog tsis muaj zog, muaj ib puag ncig, thiab muaj pituicites thiab paj fibers.
Kev kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm lub qog pituitary hauv tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu tso cai rau koj los sau cov kev paub thiab kev paub uas yuav pab piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv lub cev.
