Class Flagellates yog cov kab mob me tshaj plaws uas, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm evolution, tau coj ib qho chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Lawv qhov tseem ceeb hauv qhov xwm txheej yog qhov zoo: cov hom nroj tsuag tau koom nrog hauv kev ua cov organic teeb meem hauv lub cev dej thiab tsim plankton, uas yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus, thaum lwm hom flagellates ua rau muaj kab mob txaus ntshai.
Class Flagellates: general yam ntxwv
Class Mastigophora (los yog Flagellates) koom ua ke ib pab pawg neeg tiv thaiv uas tsis yog tsiaj txhu, nroj tsuag, lossis fungi. Qhov no yog ib pawg loj ntawm cov tsiaj nyob, qhov txawv ntawm qhov uas yog muaj ib lossis ntau tus flagella siv txav thiab tau zaub mov.
Qhov chaw nyob rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm chav kawm flagella yog cov dej tshiab thiab dej hiav txwv, av, thiab qee cov cab cab los yog nyob rau hauv symbiosis hauv lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag. Kev ua neej nyob yog ib qho zoo rau lawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntub dej xwb.
Morphologically, lawv tuaj yeem ua tau ob qho tib si unicellular thiab multicellular, thiab tseem tsim cov cheeb tsam txog li 20 txhiab hlwb. Lawv feem ntau yog me me, kheej kheej, ovallos yog fusiform lub cev. Nws yog them nrog ib daim nyias nyias los yog ib txheej ntawm lub tiaj daim nyias nyias vesicles uas muab ib tug ruaj khov zoo.
Kev teeb tsa thiab qhov chaw ntawm tus chij tuaj yeem sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv ib co kab mob, lawv nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub cev, tsim, ua ke nrog ib tug quav ntawm nws nto, ib tug organoid ntawm txav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib daim nyias nyias. Cov qauv no feem ntau pom muaj kab mob cab.
Lub flagellum txav mus rau hauv nruab nrab hauv ib qho helical yam, vim tias lub cev ntawm cov flagellates "ntsia hlau" rau hauv cov kua ib puag ncig. Cov organelle no muaj ib tug complex qauv: nyob rau sab nraud nws yog them nrog ib tug membrane ntawm 3 txheej, thiab nyob rau hauv muaj filamentous qauv ntawm fused microtubules.
Kev faib tawm
Pab pawg protists, ntxiv rau cov chav kawm flagella, suav nrog protozoa, algae thiab fungi. Cov tsiaj nyob no raug cais raws li cov ntsiab lus seem. Tus kws kho tsiaj Askiv thiab tus kws kho tsiaj paleontologist Richard Owen thiab German naturalist Ernst Haeckel tau thov kom txhais lawv ua lub nceeg vaj cais (daim duab hauv qab). Ua ntej lawv, cov kab mob no tau suav hais tias qis qis ntsuab algae, lossis protozoa.
Tam sim no nyob rau xyoo pua XIX. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg tias qhov qis dua theem ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsiaj lossis cov nroj tsuag lub nceeg vaj nyob, qhov nyuaj dua nws yog los kos ib txoj kab meej ntawm lawv. Yog li, ntsuab euglena, uas yog ib tug "classic" sawv cev ntawm flagellates, pub zoo li ib tsob nroj nyob rau hauv lub teeb, thiab zoo li ib tug tsiaj nyob rau hauv lub teeb tsis zoo, los ntawm absorbing npaj-ua organic tebchaw.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev xaivflagellates rau hauv ib pab pawg neeg feem ntau tau txais tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1969. Nyob rau hauv cov qub kev faib qhia txog lub nceeg vaj ntawm protists, cov chav kawm Sarcodaceae thiab Flagellates tau muab rau hom Sarcomastigophora.
Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias qhov systematization uas twb muaj lawm tseem yuav hloov pauv vim yog kev loj hlob ntawm molecular phylogenetics, uas tso cai rau koj los txiav txim siab txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kab mob raws li kev kawm ntawm lawv cov DNA.
Khoom noj
Ib yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm flagellates yog tias cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pab pawg no muaj ntau hom khoom noj khoom haus:
-
Osmotrophic - heterotrophic thiab autotrophic. Kev nqus ntawm cov khoom yog tsim los ntawm kev thauj mus los ntawm cov ntsiab lus yaj thoob plaws ntawm tes. Autotrophs, tsis zoo li heterotrophs, muaj peev xwm ntawm nws tus kheej ua ke cov organic tebchaw los ntawm inorganic sawv daws yuav (siv photosynthesis). Lawv khaws cia cov as-ham uas zoo sib xws rau cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab thiab rog.
- Phagotrophic. Nyob rau hauv xws li protozoa ntawm chav kawm flagellate, muaj ib tug organelle, uas yog hu ua "cellular qhov ncauj". Nws yog ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cev rau kev ntes cov khoom noj (cov kab mob thiab lwm yam protists). Hauv ntau lub phototrophic flagellates, "lub qhov ncauj ntawm tes" kuj ua haujlwm ntawm kev tso tawm.
- YMixotrophic (mixed).
Raws li txoj kev pub mis, flagellates tau muab faib ua zaub (Phytomas tigophorea) thiab tsiaj (Zoomastigophorea). Lub excretion ntawm cov khoom metabolic nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj dej tshiab feem ntau tshwm sim nrogNrog kev pab los ntawm lwm yam organoid - lub contractile vacuole, uas qhib sab nraud los ntawm lub pore.
Reproduction
Kev tsim tawm ntawm cov kab mob hauv chav kawm Flagellates tshwm sim feem ntau los ntawm qhov ntev binary fission, tsawg dua nrog kev tsim cov kab mob hlwb uas muaj ib txheej ntawm chromosomes, thiab tom qab sib txuas. Tam sim ntawd tom qab fertilization, qhov txo qis ntawm cov chromosomes tshwm sim. Hom kev yug me nyuam no yog yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb rau cov nroj tsuag.
Thaum muab faib ua ob, lub flagellum kis mus rau ib tug ntawm cov ntxhais cell, thiab nyob rau hauv lwm yam nws yog tsim dua. Hauv cov kab mob colonial, kev faib tawm yog ob txoj hauv kev:
- tag nrho cov hlwb nce, lawv tam sim loj hlob mus rau qhov loj ntawm leej niam, thiab tom qab ntawd cov colony yog "laced";
- ntxhais colony muaj me me uas faib ntau zaus.
Yog tias qhov chaw ib puag ncig rau flagellates tsis zoo, lawv tsim cov hlwv nrog cov plhaub ntom ntom uas pab kom lawv muaj sia nyob. Tom qab ntawd, cov tub ntxhais hluas coob coob tawm ntawm lawv.
Evolution
chav flagella yog ib pawg nruab nrab ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu, nyob rau tib lub sijhawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv. Cov kab mob uas muaj peev xwm ntawm photosynthesis hloov zuj zus nyob rau hauv 2 txoj kev. Qee tus ntawm lawv tau tsim ib hom chlorophyll c ntxiv thiab pib tsim laminaran, polysaccharide uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov xim av algae. Hauv lwm cov flagellates, ntsuab chlorophyll a thiab b pib predominate. tshwm thiabintermediate link - daj-ntsuab algae nrog ntsuab xim, tsis muaj chlorophyll b.
Vim li ntawd, 2 qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov algae tau tsim: nrog cov xim xim av thiab cov xim ntsuab. Lub qub "ntiav" hiav txwv, thiab los ntawm yav tas los, photosynthetic siab dua av nroj tsuag tom qab sawv.
Ntse
Qhov txawv ntawm Flagella chav kawm yog raws li hauv qab no:
- lub cev zoo li qub;
- puab plhaub lossis chitin plhaub;
- motion organelles - flagella, uas yog outgrowths ntawm lub cytoplasm;
- muaj chlorophyll thiab photosensitive organelle (stigma) hauv cov nroj tsuag flagellates, lawv txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm dej;
- muaj lub kinetoplast ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm tus chij, uas ua kom nws txav tau thiab muaj ntau ntxiv ntawm DNA.
Tus Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Phytomas tigophorea
Class Flagella suav nrog txog 8 txhiab hom. Ntawm cov nroj tsuag flagellates, qhov kev txiav txim ntau tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb yog:
- Chrysomonas. Unicellular kab mob nrog 1-3 flagella. Nyob hauv marine thiab dej tshiab. Lawv yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm plankton.
- Pab. Lawv lub cell phab ntsa yog ua los ntawm fiber ntau daim hlau. Lawv muaj ob lub flagella nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub cev. Lawv kuj yog ib feem ntawm lub plankton. Ntawm cov flagellates ntawm pab pawg no muaj cov kab mob nyob hauv symbiosis nrog radiolarians (ib leeg-celled planktonicmicroorganisms) thiab coral polyps.
- Primnesiids. Lawv muaj calcareous plhaub. Tom qab tuag lawm, lawv poob mus rau hauv qab thiab tsim chalk deposits.
- Euglenaceae. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov dej tshiab plankton. Absorb organic teeb meem uas pollutes dej. Siv dav hauv kev sim biology.
- Volvox . Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog cov kab mob unicellular nrog 2-4 flagella. Lawv tsim plankton feem ntau hauv dej tshiab.
Class Zoomastigophorea
Feem ntau ntawm cov flagellates ntawm chav kawm Zoomastigophorea yog kab mob ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Ntawm lawv, cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov hauv qab no:
- Kab. Piv txwv li, lwm yam tsiaj tau nqis los ntawm lawv. Lawv muaj 1 flagellum puag ncig los ntawm microvilli rau kev noj zaub mov zoo dua. Muaj ob qho tib si thiab cov ntawv colonial.
- Kinetoplastids. Ntawm lawv yog cov kab mob txaus ntshai tib neeg los ntawm genus Trypanosoma thiab Leishmania. Tus qub parasitize nyob rau hauv cov ntshav thiab cerebrospinal kua, ua rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm pw tsaug zog mob thiab lwm yam loj pathologies. Gambian thiab Rhodesian cov ntaub ntawv ntawm trypanosomiasis kis los ntawm tse-tse ya, thiab leishmaniasis los ntawm yoov tshaj cum.
- Diplomonades. Ntawm cov no, cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm genus Giardia. Thaum parasitizing nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv, kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug kab mob zoo li colitis tshwm sim. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm cov kab mob no yog ob tug qauv ntawm lub cev, zoo li zoo li ib tug faib cell.
- Trichomonas. Lawv muaj 4-6 flagella,ib tug yog tus thawj tswj. Ib qho ntawm cov kab mob parasitic uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob no yog urogenital trichomoniasis.
Role in nature
Green flagellates ua haujlwm tseem ceeb:
- tus kheej-purification ntawm cov dej hauv lub cev los ntawm cov pa phem, kev koom tes hauv kev ua thiab mineralization ntawm cov organic teeb meem;
- deposition ntawm sapropels, calcareous thiab silicic pob zeb uas yog ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust;
- tsim ntawm plankton, uas yog zaub mov rau cov kab mob loj dua (kev loj hlob sai ntawm phytoplankton ua rau "blooming" dej);
- kev sib raug zoo nrog tsiaj.
Tshuaj yog tsim los ntawm qee hom ntawm Flagellates.
Tsiaj flagellates, raws li tau hais los saum no, ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev txhim kho ntau yam kab mob hauv tib neeg thiab lwm yam tsiaj.
