Roj hydrocarbons: Cheebtsam, muaj pes tsawg leeg, qauv

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

Hydrocarbons yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov roj. Qhov concentration ntawm natural hydrocarbons nyob rau hauv ntau hom roj tsis zoo ib yam: los ntawm 100 (gas condensate) mus rau 30%. Qhov nruab nrab, hydrocarbons ua 70% ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov roj no.

Hydrocarbons hauv roj

Hais txog 700 hydrocarbons ntawm cov qauv peculiar tau raug txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv cov roj muaj pes tsawg leeg. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv khaws cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm lipids ntawm ancient kab mob, algae thiab ntau dua cov nroj tsuag.

Cov roj hydrocarbon muaj xws li:

Paraffins.

Nafthenes (cycloalkanes).

Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes).

Alkanes (aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons)

Alkanes yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab kawm tau zoo hydrocarbons ntawm cov roj. Cov roj muaj xws li hydrocarbons alkanes los ntawm C₁ rau C₁₀₀. Lawv cov naj npawb ntawm 20 mus rau 60% thiab nyob ntawm seb hom roj. Raws li cov molecularpawg pawg, qhov concentration ntawm alkanes raug txo nyob rau hauv txhua hom.

Yog tias cyclic hydrocarbons ntawm cov qauv sib txawv yog sib npaug ntawm cov roj, ces cov qauv ntawm ib qho qauv feem ntau muaj feem ntau ntawm alkanes. Ntxiv mus, tus qauv, raws li txoj cai, tsis nyob ntawm qhov hnyav molecular. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nyob rau hauv ntau hom roj muaj tej yam homologous series ntawm alkanes: alkanes ntawm ib txwm qauv, monomethyl-hloov nrog txawv txoj hauj lwm ntawm methyl pawg, tsawg dua - di- thiab trimethyl-substituted alkanes, raws li zoo raws li tetramethylalkanes ntawm lub hom isoprenoid. Alkanes ntawm tus yam ntxwv qauv tsim yuav luag 90% ntawm tag nrho cov loj ntawm cov roj alkanes. Qhov tseeb no tso cai rau kev kawm zoo ntawm alkanes hauv ntau cov roj feem, suav nrog cov kub kub.

Alkanes ntawm cov feem sib txawv

Thaum qhov kub ntawm 50 txog 150 ° C, feem kuv raug tso tawm, uas suav nrog alkanes nrog cov pa roj carbon atoms ntawm 5 txog 11. Alkanes muaj isomers:

• pentane - 3;
• hexane – 5;
• heptane - 9;
• octane - 18;
• nonan - 35;
• Dean – 75;
• undecan – 159.

Yog li ntawd, feem kuv tuaj yeem ua qhov kev xav suav nrog txog 300 hydrocarbons. Tau kawg, tsis yog txhua tus isomers muaj nyob hauv cov roj, tab sis lawv cov lej loj.

Daim duab qhia txog chromatogram ntawm alkanes C₅ - C₁₁ ntawm cov roj los ntawm Surgut teb, qhov twg txhua lub ncov sib haum rau qee yam khoom.

Ntawm qhov kub ntawm 200-430 ° C, alkanes ntawm feem II ntawm kev muaj pes tsawg leeg С₁₂ – С₂₇ yog cais. Daim duab qhiachromatogram ntawm alkanes ntawm feem II. Lub chromatogram qhia tau hais tias lub ncov ntawm ib txwm thiab monomethyl-hloov alkanes. Cov lej qhia txog txoj haujlwm ntawm cov neeg hloov pauv.

Ntawm qhov kub ntawm >430 ° C, alkanes ntawm feem III ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg С₂₈ – С₄₀.

YIsoprenoid alkanes

Isoprenoid alkanes suav nrog cov ceg ntoo hydrocarbons nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm methyl pawg. Piv txwv li, 2, 6, 10, 14-tetramethylpentadecane los yog 2, 6, 10-trimethylhexadecane. Isoprenoid alkanes thiab cov saw ncaj alkanes ua rau feem ntau ntawm cov roj ntsha roj ntsha. Tau kawg, muaj ntau ntau txoj kev xaiv rau isoprenoid hydrocarbons.

Isoprenoids yog yam ntxwv los ntawm homology thiab tsis sib xws, uas yog, cov roj sib txawv muaj lawv tus kheej cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw no. Homology yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom hnyav dua molecular. Hauv isoprenoid alkanes, "qhov khoob" hauv qhov ntau ntawm cov homologues tuaj yeem kuaj pom. Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov ua tsis tau ntawm kev rhuav tshem lawv cov saw hlau (kev tsim cov homologue) nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas cov methyl substituents nyob. Cov yam ntxwv no yog siv los txiav txim qhov chaw ntawm isoprenoid tsim.

Cycloalkanes (naphthenes)

Naphthenes yog saturated cyclic hydrocarbons ntawm roj. Nyob rau hauv ntau cov roj, lawv predominate dua lwm cov chav kawm ntawm hydrocarbons. Lawv cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 25 mus rau 75%. Pom nyob rau hauv txhua pawg. Raws li cov feem ua hnyav, lawv cov ntsiab lus nce. Naphthenes yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov ntaucycles nyob rau hauv ib tug molecule. Naphthenes muab faib ua ob pawg: mono- thiab polycyclic. Monocyclic yog tsib- thiab rau-tus tswv cuab. Polycyclic rings tuaj yeem suav nrog ob lub nplhaib tsib-thiab rau-tus tswv cuab.

Cov seem qis qis muaj feem ntau alkyl derivatives ntawm cyclohexane thiab cyclopentane, nrog methyl derivatives predominating nyob rau hauv roj av feem.

Polycyclic naphthenes feem ntau pom muaj nyob hauv cov roj feem uas kub dhau ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 300 ° C, thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus hauv feem ntawm 400-550 ° C nce mus txog 70-80%.

Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes)

Lawv muab faib ua ob pawg:

1. Alkylaromatic hydrocarbons tsuas muaj cov nplhaib uas muaj ntxhiab thiab cov khoom siv alkyl. Cov no suav nrog alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, alkylphenanthrenes, alkylchrysepes, thiab alkylpicenes.
2. Hydrocarbons ntawm ib hom qauv sib xyaw, muaj ob qho tib si aromatic (unsaturated) thiab naphthenic (limiting) rings. Ntawm lawv yog qhov txawv:

• monoaromatic hydrocarbons - indanes, di-, tri- thiab tetranaphthenobenzenes;
• diaromatic hydrocarbons - mono- thiab dinaphthenonaphthalenes;
• hydrocarbons nrog peb lossis ntau lub nplhaib uas muaj ntxhiab - naphthenophenanthrenes.

Technical tseem ceeb ntawm hydrocarbon muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj

Cov tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig cuam tshuam rau cov roj zoo.

1. Paraffins:

• Ib txwm paraffins (unbranched) muaj tus lej octane qis thiab cov ntsiab lus siab siab. Yog li ntawd, hauvnyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua lawv hloov mus rau hydrocarbons ntawm lwm pab pawg.
• Isoparaffins (nplooj) muaj tus lej octane siab, piv txwv li cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv siab (isooctane yog cov ntaub ntawv siv nrog tus lej octane ntawm 100), nrog rau cov ntsiab lus qis qis piv rau cov tshuaj paraffins.

2. Naphthenes (cycloparaffins) nrog rau isoparaffins muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov roj diesel thiab cov roj lubricating zoo. Lawv cov ntsiab lus siab hauv cov roj av hnyav ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab cov khoom lag luam siab octane.

3. Aromatic hydrocarbons ua phem rau ib puag ncig ntawm cov roj, tab sis muaj tus lej octane siab. Yog li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm roj refining, lwm pab pawg neeg ntawm hydrocarbons yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv cov aromatic, tab sis lawv cov nyiaj, feem ntau benzene, nyob rau hauv cov roj yog nruj me ntsis tswj.

Txoj kev kawm txog hydrocarbon muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj

Rau cov hom phiaj kev kawm, nws txaus los tsim cov roj muaj pes tsawg leeg los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm qee cov chav kawm ntawm hydrocarbons hauv nws. Qhov feem ntawm cov roj yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev xaiv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov roj refining.

txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov pab pawg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj, ntau txoj kev siv:

• Tshuaj txhais tau tias ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (nitration lossis sulfonation) ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov reagent nrog qee chav kawm ntawm hydrocarbons (alkenes lossis arenes). Los ntawm kev hloov lub ntim lossis tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov ntsiab lus ntawm chav kawm txiav txim siab ntawm hydrocarbons raug txiav txim.
• Physico-chemical suav nrog kev rho tawm thiab adsorption. Qhov no yog li cas arenes raug rho tawmsulfur dioxide, aniline los yog dimethyl sulfate, ua raws li adsorption ntawm cov hydrocarbons ntawm silica gel.
• Lub cev suav nrog kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov khoom kho qhov muag.
• Combined - qhov tseeb tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau. Muab ob txoj hauv kev. Piv txwv li, kev tshem tawm ntawm arenes los ntawm cov tshuaj los yog physico-chemical txoj kev thiab kev ntsuas ntawm lub cev lub zog ntawm cov roj ua ntej thiab tom qab lawv tshem tawm.

Rau lub hom phiaj kev tshawb fawb, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los txiav txim siab seb cov hydrocarbons twg muaj nyob hauv cov roj.

txhawm rau txheeb xyuas tus kheej cov molecules ntawm hydrocarbons, roj-kua chromatography yog siv los ntawm cov kab capillary thiab kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias, chromatography-mass spectrometry nrog lub computer ua thiab chromatogram tsev rau tus kheej cov yam ntxwv fragment ions (mass fragmentography lossis loj chromatography). NMR spectra ntawm nuclei ¹³C.

kuj siv

Cov tswv yim niaj hnub rau kev tshuaj xyuas qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj hydrocarbons suav nrog kev sib cais ua ntej ua ob lossis peb feem nrog cov ntsiab lus sib txawv. Tom qab ntawd, txhua feem ntawm cov seem yog muab cais ua saturated (paraffin-naphthenic) thiab muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons siv cov kua chromatography ntawm silica gel. Tom ntej no, aromatic hydrocarbons yuav tsum tau muab cais ua mono-, bi- thiab polyaromatic siv kua chromatography siv txhuas oxide.

Qhov chaw ntawm hydrocarbons

Natural sources of oil and gas hydrocarbons yog bioorganic molecules ntawm ntau lub tebchaw, feem ntau lawv cov lipid Cheebtsam. Ibtej zaum yuav yog:

• siab cog lipids,
• algae,
• phytoplankton,
• zooplankton,
• kab mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cell membrane lipids.

Cov lipid Cheebtsam ntawm cov nroj tsuag zoo sib xws hauv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov molecules ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab qhov kev koom tes tseem ceeb ntawm qee yam tshuaj hauv kev tsim cov roj no.

Txhua cov lipids cog tau muab faib ua ob chav:

• cov khoom sib xyaw uas muaj cov molecules nrog ncaj (los yog me ntsis ceg) saw;
• cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke raws li isoprenoid units ntawm alicyclic thiab aliphatic series.

Muaj cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob chav kawm, xws li siv quav ciab. Wax molecules yog esters ntau dua saturated los yog unsaturated fatty acids thiab cyclic isoprenoid alcohols - sterols.

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lipid ntuj qhov chaw ntawm cov roj av hydrocarbons yog cov hauv qab no:

1. Saturated thiab unsaturated fatty acids ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg C₁₂-C₂₆ thiab hydroxy acids. Fatty acids yog tsim los ntawm ib tug txawm tus naj npawb ntawm carbon atoms, txij li thaum lawv yog synthesized los ntawm C₂-acetate Cheebtsam. Lawv yog ib feem ntawm triglycerides.
2. Natural wax - tsis zoo li cov rog, nws tsis muaj glycerol, tab sis ntau dua fatty alcohols lossis sterols.
3. Cov kab mob tsis muaj zog uas muaj cov tshuaj methyl hloov mus rau qhov kawg ntawm cov saw hlau tawm tsam los ntawm pawg carboxyl, piv txwv li, iso- thiab anteisoacids.
4. Cov tshuaj txaus nyiam yog suberin thiab cutin, uas suav nrogtxawv qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm polymerized bound fatty acids thiab cawv. Cov tebchaw no tiv taus cov enzymatic thiab microbial nres, uas tiv thaiv aliphatic chains los ntawm lom oxidation.

Relic thiab hloov pauv hydrocarbons

Txhua cov roj hydrocarbons muab faib ua ob pawg:

1. Kev hloov pauv - tau ploj ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom qub bioorganic molecules.
2. Relic, lossis chemofossils - cov hydrocarbons uas tau khaws cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov khoom qub, tsis hais seb cov hydrocarbons nyob rau hauv thawj biomass los yog tsim tom qab los ntawm lwm yam tshuaj.

Relic hydrocarbons uas tsim cov roj tau muab faib ua ob pawg:

• hom isoprenoid - alicyclic thiab aliphatic qauv, nrog txog tsib lub voj voog hauv ib lub molecule;
• non-isoprenoid - feem ntau aliphatic tebchaw muaj n-alkyl lossis maj mam branched chains.

Relics ntawm isoprenoid qauv muaj ntau ntau dua li cov uas tsis yog isoprenoid.

Ntau tshaj 500 relic roj hydrocarbons tau txheeb xyuas, thiab lawv cov lej tau nce txhua xyoo.