Ntau cov tshuaj gaseous uas muaj nyob hauv cov xwm txheej thiab tau txais thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom yog cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog. Nws paub tias chlorine tau siv los ua riam phom lom neeg, bromine vapor muaj cov nyhuv corrosive rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, hydrogen sulfide ua rau lom, thiab lwm yam.
Ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj no yog carbon monoxide lossis carbon monoxide, cov qauv uas muaj nws tus yam ntxwv hauv cov qauv. Yuav tau tham ntxiv.
Tshuaj formula ntawm carbon monoxide
Daim ntawv qhia txog tus qauv ntawm cov khoom suav hais tias yog raws li hauv qab no: CO. Txawm li cas los xij, daim ntawv no tsuas yog muab cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov zoo thiab qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, tab sis tsis cuam tshuam rau cov yam ntxwv thiab kev txiav txim ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm atoms hauv cov molecule. Thiab nws txawv ntawm qhov ntawd nyob rau hauv tag nrho lwm cov gases zoo sib xws.
Nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb no uas cuam tshuam rau lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg uas nthuav tawm los ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw. Cov qauv no yog dab tsi?
Cov qauv ntawm cov molecule
Ua ntej, tus qauv qhia pom pom tias qhov valence ntawm carbon nyob rau hauv lub compound yog II. Ib yam li nrogoxygen. Yog li ntawd, txhua tus ntawm lawv tuaj yeem tsim ob daim ntawv cog lus. Cov tshuaj formula ntawm carbon monoxide CO kom meej meej qhov no.
Nyob li ntawd. Ob chav covalent ncov qaumteb qabteb daim ntawv cog lus yog tsim ntawm cov pa roj carbon thiab oxygen atom los ntawm lub mechanism ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm unpaired electrons. Yog li, cov qauv qauv ntawm carbon monoxide siv daim ntawv C=O.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov molecule tsis xaus rau ntawd. Raws li tus pub-acceptor mechanism, ib feem peb, dative los yog semipolar daim ntawv cog lus yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub molecule. Dab tsi piav qhov no? Txij li tom qab tsim covalent daim ntawv cog lus hauv kev sib pauv, oxygen muaj ob khub ntawm electrons, thiab cov pa roj carbon atom muaj qhov khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob Hauv lwm lo lus, ib khub ntawm oxygen electrons tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw dawb ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab ib daim ntawv cog lus tsim.
Yog li, carbon yog tus txais, oxygen yog tus pub. Yog li ntawd, cov qauv rau carbon monoxide nyob rau hauv chemistry siv cov nram qab no: C≡O. Cov qauv zoo li no muab cov molecule ntxiv cov tshuaj ruaj khov thiab inertness nyob rau hauv cov khoom nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj.
Yog li, daim ntawv cog lus hauv carbon monoxide molecule:
- ob lub ntsiab lus covalent, tsim los ntawm kev sib pauv mechanism vim kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov hluav taws xob tsis sib xws;
- ib tug dative, tsim los ntawm tus neeg txais kev pab cuam cuam tshuam ntawm ib khub ntawm electrons thiab ib tug dawb orbital;
- muaj peb daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv molecule.
Lub cev muaj zog
Muaj ntau tus yam ntxwv uas, zoo li lwm yam sib xyaw, carbon monoxide muaj. Cov mis ntawm ib yam khoom ua rau nws paub meej tias cov siv lead ua lattice yog molecular, lub xeev nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj yog gaseous. Cov kev ntsuas lub cev hauv qab no ua raws li qhov no.
- С≡О - carbon monoxide (formula), ntom - 1, 164 kg/m3.
- Boiling and melting points feem: 191/205 0C.
- Soluble hauv: dej (me ntsis), ether, benzene, cawv, chloroform.
- Tsis saj lossis tsw.
- tsis muaj xim.
Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev lom neeg, nws yog qhov txaus ntshai heev rau txhua yam muaj sia, tshwj tsis yog qee hom kab mob.
tshuaj muaj zog
Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev ua haujlwm, ib qho ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj yog carbon monoxide. Cov mis, uas qhia txog tag nrho cov kev sib cog lus hauv cov molecule, lees paub qhov no. Nws yog precisely vim hais tias ntawm xws li ib tug muaj zog qauv uas lub compound xyaum tsis nkag mus rau hauv tej kev sib tshuam nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ib puag ncig.
Txawm li cas los xij, lub kaw lus yuav tsum tau ua kom sov tsawg kawg me ntsis, vim tias daim ntawv cog lus dative hauv cov molecule poob, nrog rau covalent sawv daws yuav. Tom qab ntawd cov pa roj carbon monoxide pib ua kom pom cov khoom txo qis, thiab cov muaj zog dua. Yog li, nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog:
- oxygen;
- chlorine;
- alkali (melted);
- nrog hlau oxides thiab ntsev;
- nrog grey;
- nrog ammonia;
- nrog hydrogen.
Yog li ntawd, raws li tau hais los saum toj no, cov khoom uas cov pa roj carbon monoxide nthuav tawm, nws cov qauv piav qhia ntau heev.
Nyob hauv ntuj
Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm CO hauv ntiaj teb huab cua yog hluav taws kub hav zoov. Tom qab tag nrho, txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb los tsim cov roj no hauv txoj kev ntuj yog qhov ua tsis tiav ntawm ntau hom roj, feem ntau ntawm cov organic.
Anthropogenic qhov chaw ntawm huab cua muaj kuab paug nrog cov pa roj carbon monoxide tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab muab tib feem pua ntawm cov feem pua ntawm huab cua. Cov no suav nrog:
- pa taws los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov chaw tsim khoom, cov chaw ua haujlwm metallurgical thiab lwm cov chaw lag luam;
- pa roj carbon monoxide los ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob sab hauv.
Nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso, carbon monoxide yog yooj yim oxidized los ntawm atmospheric oxygen thiab dej vapor rau carbon dioxide. Nov yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev pab thawj zaug rau kev lom nrog cov tshuaj no.
Tau txais
Nws tsim nyog taw qhia ib qho tshwj xeeb. Cov pa roj carbon monoxide (formula), carbon dioxide (cov qauv molecular), feem, zoo li no: C≡O thiab O=C=O. Qhov txawv yog ib qho oxygen atom. Yog li, txoj kev lag luam rau kev tsim cov monoxide yog raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm dioxide thiab thee: CO2 + C=2CO. Qhov no yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau txoj hauv kev los ua ke cov compound no.
Ntau yam organic tebchaw, hlau ntsev thiab cov tshuaj complex yog siv nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam, vim hais tias cov tawm los ntawm cov khoom tsis xav kom siab heev.
Quality reagent rau muajhauv huab cua lossis carbon monoxide tov - palladium chloride. Thaum lawv sib cuam tshuam, ib qho hlau ntshiab yog tsim, uas ua rau ib tug darkening ntawm cov tshuaj los yog saum npoo ntawm daim ntawv.
Kev lom neeg rau lub cev
Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, carbon monoxide yog cov tshuaj lom tsis muaj xim, txaus ntshai thiab tua kab mob rau tib neeg lub cev. Thiab tsis tsuas yog tib neeg, tab sis feem ntau muaj sia nyob. Nroj tsuag raug lub tsheb tso tawm sai heev.
Dab tsi yog qhov txiaj ntsig lom neeg ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntawm tsiaj txhu? Nws yog txhua yam hais txog kev tsim cov muaj zog sib txuas ntawm cov ntshav protein hemoglobin thiab cov roj hauv nqe lus nug. Ntawd yog, tsis yog oxygen, cov tshuaj lom molecules raug ntes. Kev ua pa ntawm tes yog thaiv tam sim ntawd, kev pauv roj ua tsis yooj yim sua hauv nws txoj haujlwm ib txwm muaj.
Vim li ntawd, muaj qhov maj mam thaiv ntawm tag nrho cov hemoglobin molecules thiab, vim li ntawd, kev tuag. Kev swb ntawm 80% tsuas yog txaus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev lom neeg ua rau tuag taus. Ua li no, qhov concentration ntawm carbon monoxide hauv huab cua yuav tsum yog 0.1%.
thawj cov cim qhia uas qhov pib muaj tshuaj lom nrog cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem txiav txim siab yog:
- mob taub hau;
- kiv taub hau;
- tsis nco qab.
Kev pab xub thawj - tawm mus rau hauv huab cua ntshiab, qhov twg carbon monoxide nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm oxygen yuav tig mus rau carbon dioxide, uas yog, nws yuav neutralized. Kev tuag vim yog cov khoom hauv nqe lus nugntau heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov tsev nrog lub qhov cub cua sov. Tseeb, thaum lub sij hawm combustion ntawm hluav taws, thee thiab lwm yam roj, cov roj no yuav tsum tau tsim raws li ib tug by-product. Kev ua raws li cov cai tswj kev nyab xeeb yog qhov tseem ceeb heev los khaws tib neeg txoj sia thiab kev noj qab haus huv.
Tam sim no tseem muaj ntau yam tshuaj lom nyob rau hauv lub chaw nres tsheb, uas muaj ntau lub cav tsheb ua haujlwm tau sib sau ua ke, tab sis tsis muaj huab cua ntshiab txaus. Kev tuag, yog tias qhov kev tso cai ntau dhau, tshwm sim hauv ib teev. Lub cev tsis tuaj yeem hnov qab roj, vim nws tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw lossis xim.
siv kev lag luam
Hauv kev lag luam metallurgical, carbon monoxide feem ntau yog siv rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev txo cov hlau los ntawm lawv cov oxides lossis ntsev. Cov mis rau lub resulting compound yog CO2. Ib yam khoom ntshiab kuj tsim - hlau.
Ntxiv rau, carbon monoxide yog siv:
- rau kev ua cov nqaij thiab ntses cov khoom kom lawv saib tshiab;
- rau kev sib txuas ntawm qee cov organic tebchaw;
- ua ib feem ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob roj.
Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj no tsis yog tsuas yog ua phem thiab txaus ntshai xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg thiab lawv txoj haujlwm kev lag luam.